Epigenetic reorganization during early embryonic lineage specification

Abstract

Background: Dynamic chromatin reorganization occurs during two waves of cell lineage specification process, blastocyst formation and gastrulation, to generate distinct cell types. Epigenetic defects have been associated with severe developmental defects and diseases. How epigenetic remodeling coordinates the two lineage specification waves is becoming uncovered, benefiting from the development and application of new technologies including low-input or single-cell epigenome analysis approached in the past few years.

Objective: In this review, we aim to highlight the most recent findings on epigenetic remodeling in cell lineage specification during blastocyst formation and gastrulation.

Methods: First, we introduce how DNA methylation dynamically changes in blastocyst formation and gastrulation and its function in transcriptional regulation lineage-specific genes. Then, we discuss widespread remodeling of histone modification at promoters and enhancers in orchestrating the trajectory of cell lineage specification. Finally, we review dynamics of chromatin accessibility and 3D structure regulating developmental gene expression and associating with specific transcription factor binding events at stage specific manner. We also highlight the key questions that remain to be answered to fully understand chromatin regulation and reorganization in lineage specification.

Conclusion: Here, we summarize the recent advances and discoveries on epigenetic reorganization and its roles in blastocyst formation and gastrulation, and how it cooperates with the lineage specification, painting from global sequencing data from mouse in vivo tissues.

Keywords: DNA methylation; Early embryo development; Epigenetic reprogramming; Histone modification.