Observations on early and late post-sporozoite tissue stages in primate malaria. IV. Pre-erythrocytic schizonts and/or hypnozoites of Chesson and North Korean strains of Plasmodium vivax in the chimpanzee

Abstract

In a continuing reexamination of plasmodial tissue stages within the context of the hypnozoite theory of malarial relapse, 2 strains of Plasmodium vivax with distinct and disparate relapse characteristics in humans were studied in chimpanzees. Following intravenous inoculation of massive numbers of salivary gland sporozoites, both the frequently relapsing Chesson strain and a North Korean strain characterized by predominantly delayed relapses exhibited relapse patterns and antimalarial sensitivity in the splenectomized chimpanzee essentially indistinguishable from those seen in humans. Examination of hepatic biopsies obtained at 7 and 10 days after infection revealed both pre-erythrocytic (pre-e) schizonts and hypnozoites in tissue obtained from the animal infected with the Chesson strain, but only rare hypnozoites (no pre-e schizonts) at 7 days in the animal infected with the North Korean strain. These findings, combined with the comparability of relapse behavior--which indicates the suitability of the chimpanzee as a model for the natural (human) host-parasite relationship--are essentially as predicted by the hypnozoite theory, despite the small numbers of tissue forms seen. Pre-erythrocytic schizogony of the Chesson strain in the liver was essentially indistinguishable from that of other strains studied, also underlining the suitability of this model system for tissue stage studies of P. vivax.