Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: profiles, trends, and determinants

Abstract

Background: The cancer burden in the United States of America (USA) has decreased gradually. However, China is experiencing a transition in its cancer profiles, with greater incidence of cancers that were previously more common in the USA. This study compared the latest cancer profiles, trends, and determinants between China and USA.

Methods: This was a comparative study using open-source data. Cancer cases and deaths in 2022 were calculated using cancer estimates from GLOBOCAN 2020 and population estimates from the United Nations. Trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates in the USA used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and National Center for Health Statistics. Chinese data were obtained from cancer registry reports. Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 and a decomposition method were used to express cancer deaths as the product of four determinant factors.

Results: In 2022, there will be approximately 4,820,000 and 2,370,000 new cancer cases, and 3,210,000 and 640,000 cancer deaths in China and the USA, respectively. The most common cancers are lung cancer in China and breast cancer in the USA, and lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both. Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer and colorectal cancer in the USA have decreased significantly recently, but rates of liver cancer have increased slightly. Rates of stomach, liver, and esophageal cancer decreased gradually in China, but rates have increased for colorectal cancer in the whole population, prostate cancer in men, and other seven cancer types in women. Increases in adult population size and population aging were major determinants for incremental cancer deaths, and case-fatality rates contributed to reduced cancer deaths in both countries.

Conclusions: The decreasing cancer burden in liver, stomach, and esophagus, and increasing burden in lung, colorectum, breast, and prostate, mean that cancer profiles in China and the USA are converging. Population aging is a growing determinant of incremental cancer burden. Progress in cancer prevention and care in the USA, and measures to actively respond to population aging, may help China to reduce the cancer burden.

Figure 1

Trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates by sex for China and the United States of America. Analyses were based on data released by the USA Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and the China National Cancer Center. Rates for USA cancer incidence (1975–2018) and mortality (1975–2019) were standardized by 2000 USA standard population. Rates for cancer incidence and mortality in China (2000–2015) were standardized by Segi's world standard population. CNS: Central nervous system.

Figure 2

Trends in determinant factors influencing cancer deaths by sex in China and the United States of America. Analyses were based on data released by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation for Global Burden of Disease 2019. Cancer deaths were expressed as the product of four factors: (1) population aging, (2) population size, (3) age-specific cancer incidence rate, and (4) cancer case-fatality rate.