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Review
. 2022 Jan 27:12:805695.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.805695. eCollection 2021.

An Update on Human Papilloma Virus Vaccines: History, Types, Protection, and Efficacy

Zahra Yousefi  1 , Hamid Aria  2 , Farhoodeh Ghaedrahmati  2 , Tahereh Bakhtiari  2 , Mahdieh Azizi  2 , Reza Bastan  3 , Reza Hosseini  2 , Nahid Eskandari  2
Affiliations
Review

An Update on Human Papilloma Virus Vaccines: History, Types, Protection, and Efficacy

Zahra Yousefi et al. Front Immunol. .

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted agent worldwide. Early prevention with HPV vaccination is a safe and effective method against this disease. HPV vaccines provided more protection against several oncogenic HPV strains. Three prophylactic HPV vaccines have been approved to target high-risk HPV types and protect against HPV-related disorders. These existing vaccines are based on the recombinant DNA technology and purified L1 protein that is assembled to form HPV empty shells. The prophylactic vaccines are highly immunogenic and can induce production of specific neutralizing antibodies. However, therapeutic vaccines are different from these prophylactic vaccines. They induced cell-mediated immunity against transformed cells, instead of neutralizing antibodies. The second generation of prophylactic HPV vaccines, made from alternative viral components using cost-effective production strategies, is undergoing clinical evaluation. The purpose of this review is to provide a complete and up-to-date review of the types of HPV vaccines and the efficiency of each of them for readers.

Keywords: HPV vaccination; cervical cancer; human papillomavirus (HPV); prevalence; vaccines.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pathogenesis of HPV infection. Initially, the virus was latent inside the epithelial cell and had a low proliferation rate. As the virus enters the lysogenic cycle, the rate of proliferation increases. Finally, the viruses are assembled and secreted from keratinocytes to repeat the infection cycle.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The natural HPV infection can lead to cervical cancer. The cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) scale is classified into CIN1 (mild dysplasia), CIN2 (moderate dysplasia), and CIN3 (severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The production mechanisms of prophylactic vaccines. Eukaryotic systems including Cervarix, Gardasil, and Gardasil-9 vaccines and prokaryotic systems including Cecolin and Gelcolin vaccines used against HPV and how to produce VLP are shown.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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