Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2022 Jan 25:9:773296.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.773296. eCollection 2021.

Effects of Mindfulness Exercise Guided by a Smartphone App on Negative Emotions and Stress in Non-Clinical Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Jinlong Wu  1   2 , Yudan Ma  3 , Yifan Zuo  1 , Kangyong Zheng  4 , Zhenhui Zhou  5 , Yifan Qin  1 , Zhanbing Ren  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Effects of Mindfulness Exercise Guided by a Smartphone App on Negative Emotions and Stress in Non-Clinical Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Jinlong Wu et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Studies have acknowledged that mindfulness exercise guided by a smartphone app has a positive impact on mental health and physical health. However, mindfulness guided by a smartphone app on mental health is still in its infancy stage. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis evaluating the effect of mindfulness intervention guided by a smartphone app on negative emotions and stress in a non-clinical population with emotional symptoms.

Methods: We searched major databases, namely, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang, to identify all of the relevant studies published in English or Chinese from their inception until November 9, 2021. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed with Cochrane risk-of-bias bias assessment tool. Two researchers independently conducted document retrieval, study selection, data extraction, and methodological quality evaluation.

Result: A total of eight studies were included in the study, with 574 subjects (experimental group: 348; control group: 226). A random effects model was selected to combine effect sizes. The results of the meta-analysis showed that mindfulness exercise guided by a smartphone app reduced negative emotions [standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.232, 95% CI: -0.398 to -0.066, p = 0.006], depressive symptoms (SMD = -0.367, 95% CI: -0.596 to -0.137, p = 0.002), and anxiety symptoms (SMD = -0.490, 95% CI: -0.908 to -0.071, p = 0.022).

Conclusions: The findings indicate the potentially beneficial effect of mindfulness exercise guided by a smartphone app on symptoms of depression and anxiety among individuals in a non-clinical population with emotional symptoms. Considering the small number and overall methodological weakness of the included studies and lack of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the results should be interpreted with caution, and future rigorously designed RCTs are warranted to provide more reliable evidence.

Keywords: anxiety; app; depression; mindfulness; negative emotions; smartphone; stress.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer SL declared a shared affiliation with one of the authors, KZ, to the handling editor at the time of review.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The detailed process of trial selection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Risk of bias graph: each risk of bias item is presented as percentages.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Risk of bias of included studies. Green: low risk of bias; yellow: unclear risk of bias; red: high risk of bias.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Funnel plot for negative emotions.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Forest plot for negative emotions.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Funnel plot for depression.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Forest plot for depression.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Funnel plot for anxiety.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Forest plot for anxiety.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Forest plot for stress.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Joyce S, Modini M, Christensen H, Mykletun A, Bryant R, Mitchell PB, et al. . Workplace interventions for common mental disorders: a systematic meta-review. Psychol Med. (2016) 46:683–97. 10.1017/S0033291715002408 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Zhang S, Zou L, Chen L, Yao Y, Loprinzi PD, Siu PM, et al. . The effect of Tai Chi Chuan on negative emotions in non-clinical populations: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2019) 16:3033. 10.3390/ijerph16173033 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lee PS, Sohn JN, Lee YM, Park EY, Park JS. A correlational study among perceived stress, anger expression, and depression in cancer patients. J Korean Acad Nurs. (2005) 35:195. 10.4040/jkan.2005.35.1.195 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Hales S. Oxford guide to imagery in cognitive therapy by Hackmann, Bennett-Levy and Holmes, 2011, Oxford University Press. Behav Change. (2012) 29:196–7. 10.1017/bec.2012.17 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Koster EHW, Fox E, MacLeod C. Introduction to the special section on cognitive bias modificationin emotional disorders. J Abnorm Psychol. (2009) 118:1–4. 10.1037/a0014379 - DOI - PubMed

Publication types