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. 2022 Feb 14;2(2):CD013404.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013404.pub2.

Surgical interventions for treating intracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta-analysis

Sharon R Lewis  1 , Richard Macey  2 , Jamie Stokes  3 , Jonathan A Cook  3 , William Gp Eardley  4 , Xavier L Griffin  1   5
Affiliations

Surgical interventions for treating intracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta-analysis

Sharon R Lewis et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Hip fractures are a major healthcare problem, presenting a considerable challenge and burden to individuals and healthcare systems. The number of hip fractures globally is rising rapidly. The majority of intracapsular hip fractures are treated surgically.

Objectives: To assess the relative effects (benefits and harms) of all surgical treatments used in the management of intracapsular hip fractures in older adults, using a network meta-analysis of randomised trials, and to generate a hierarchy of interventions according to their outcomes.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and five other databases in July 2020. We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings, reference lists of retrieved articles and conducted backward-citation searches.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing different treatments for fragility intracapsular hip fractures in older adults. We included total hip arthroplasties (THAs), hemiarthroplasties (HAs), internal fixation, and non-operative treatments. We excluded studies of people with hip fracture with specific pathologies other than osteoporosis or resulting from high-energy trauma.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion. One review author completed data extraction which was checked by a second review author. We collected data for three outcomes at different time points: mortality and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) - both reported within 4 months, at 12 months, and after 24 months of surgery, and unplanned return to theatre (at end of study follow-up). We performed a network meta-analysis (NMA) with Stata software, using frequentist methods, and calculated the differences between treatments using risk ratios (RRs) and standardised mean differences (SMDs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We also performed direct comparisons using the same codes.

Main results: We included 119 studies (102 RCTS, 17 quasi-RCTs) with 17,653 participants with 17,669 intracapsular fractures in the review; 83% of fractures were displaced. The mean participant age ranged from 60 to 87 years and 73% were women. After discussion with clinical experts, we selected 12 nodes that represented the best balance between clinical plausibility and efficiency of the networks: cemented modern unipolar HA, dynamic fixed angle plate, uncemented first-generation bipolar HA, uncemented modern bipolar HA, cemented modern bipolar HA, uncemented first-generation unipolar HA, uncemented modern unipolar HA, THA with single articulation, dual-mobility THA, pins, screws, and non-operative treatment. Seventy-five studies (with 11,855 participants) with data for at least two of these treatments contributed to the NMA. We selected cemented modern unipolar HA as a reference treatment against which other treatments were compared. This was a common treatment in the networks, providing a clinically appropriate comparison. In order to provide a concise summary of the results, we report only network estimates when there was evidence of difference between treatments. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence for serious and very serious risks of bias and when estimates included possible transitivity, particularly for internal fixation which included more undisplaced fractures. We also downgraded for incoherence, or inconsistency in indirect estimates, although this affected few estimates. Most estimates included the possibility of benefits and harms, and we downgraded the evidence for these treatments for imprecision. We found that cemented modern unipolar HA, dynamic fixed angle plate and pins seemed to have the greatest likelihood of reducing mortality at 12 months. Overall, 23.5% of participants who received the reference treatment died within 12 months of surgery. Uncemented modern bipolar HA had higher mortality than the reference treatment (RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.85; derived only from indirect evidence; low-certainty evidence), and THA with single articulation also had higher mortality (network estimate RR 1.62, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.32; derived from direct evidence from 2 studies with 225 participants, and indirect evidence; very low-certainty evidence). In the remaining treatments, the certainty of the evidence ranged from low to very low, and we noted no evidence of any differences in mortality at 12 months. We found that THA (single articulation), cemented modern bipolar HA and uncemented modern bipolar HA seemed to have the greatest likelihood of improving HRQoL at 12 months. This network was comparatively sparse compared to other outcomes and the certainty of the evidence of differences between treatments was very low. We noted no evidence of any differences in HRQoL at 12 months, although estimates were imprecise. We found that arthroplasty treatments seemed to have a greater likelihood of reducing unplanned return to theatre than internal fixation and non-operative treatment. We estimated that 4.3% of participants who received the reference treatment returned to theatre during the study follow-up. Compared to this treatment, we found low-certainty evidence that more participants returned to theatre if they were treated with a dynamic fixed angle plate (network estimate RR 4.63, 95% CI 2.94 to 7.30; from direct evidence from 1 study with 190 participants, and indirect evidence). We found very low-certainty evidence that more participants returned to theatre when treated with pins (RR 4.16, 95% CI 2.53 to 6.84; only from indirect evidence), screws (network estimate RR 5.04, 95% CI 3.25 to 7.82; from direct evidence from 2 studies with 278 participants, and indirect evidence), and non-operative treatment (RR 5.41, 95% CI 1.80 to 16.26; only from indirect evidence). There was very low-certainty evidence of a tendency for an increased risk of unplanned return to theatre for all of the arthroplasty treatments, and in particular for THA, compared with cemented modern unipolar HA, with little evidence to suggest the size of this difference varied strongly between the arthroplasty treatments.

Authors' conclusions: There was considerable variability in the ranking of each treatment such that there was no one outstanding, or subset of outstanding, superior treatments. However, cemented modern arthroplasties tended to more often yield better outcomes than alternative treatments and may be a more successful approach than internal fixation. There is no evidence of a difference between THA (single articulation) and cemented modern unipolar HA in the outcomes measured in this review. THA may be an appropriate treatment for a subset of people with intracapsular fracture but we have not explored this further.

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Conflict of interest statement

SL: none known RM: none known JS: none known JC remained independent of study selection decisions for ongoing studies. WE has an advisory role on infection control with Orthofix, Bone Support and Stryker, but this is unrelated to this review. He has no known conflicts of interest. XG is funded by a National Institute for Health Research Clinician Scientist Grant. Further funding from industry and charitable grants are and have been made available to his institution. He has ongoing expert consultancy with several companies; none involve the development of any implant for use in hip fracture care. All decisions relating to the design, conduct, analysis, write‐up and publication of research are independent of these funders. He remained independent of study selection decisions, risk of bias assessment and data extraction of any of the studies on which he is an author, co‐applicant or has had an advisory role.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
3
3
Network geometry for early mortality. The size of the nodes is proportional to the number of trials investigating each treatment, whilst the thickness of the edges is proportional to the number of direct comparisons. Treatment nodes ‐ A: dynamic fixed angle plate; B: uncemented first‐generation bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; E: uncemented first‐generation unipolar hemiarthroplasty; F: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; G: total hip arthroplasty; H: dual‐mobility total hip arthroplasty; I: pins; J: screws; K: non‐operative treatment; L: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
4
4
Network geometry for mortality at 12 months. The size of the nodes is proportional to the number of trials investigating each treatment, whilst the thickness of the edges is proportional to the number of direct comparisons. Treatment nodes ‐ A: dynamic fixed angle plate; B: uncemented first‐generation bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; E: uncemented first‐generation unipolar hemiarthroplasty; F: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; G: total hip arthroplasty; H: dual‐mobility total hip arthroplasty; I: pins; J: screws; K: non‐operative; L: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
5
5
Network geometry for late mortality. The size of the nodes is proportional to the number of trials investigating each treatment, whilst the thickness of the edges is proportional to the number of direct comparisons. Treatment nodes ‐ A: dynamic fixed angle plate; B: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: uncemented first‐generation unipolar hemiarthroplasty; E: total hip arthroplasty; F: screws; G: non‐operative treatment; H: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
6
6
Network geometry for early health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). The size of the nodes is proportional to the number of trials investigating each treatment, whilst the thickness of the edges is proportional to the number of direct comparisons. Treatment nodes: A: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; B: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: total hip arthroplasty; E: dual‐mobility total hip arthroplasty; F: screws; G: non‐operative treatment; H: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
7
7
Network geometry for HRQoL at 12 months. The size of the nodes is proportional to the number of trials investigating each treatment, whilst the thickness of the edges is proportional to the number of direct comparisons. Treatment nodes ‐ A: dynamic fixed angle plate; B: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; E: total hip arthroplasty; F: screws; G: non‐operative treatment; H: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
8
8
Network geometry for late HRQoL. The size of the nodes is proportional to the number of trials investigating each treatment, whilst the thickness of the edges is proportional to the number of direct comparisons. Treatment nodes ‐ A: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; B: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: total hip arthroplasty; E: screws; F: non‐operative; G: cemented modern unipolar
9
9
Network geometry for unplanned return to theatre. The size of the nodes is proportional to the number of trials investigating each treatment, whilst the thickness of the edges is proportional to the number of direct comparisons. Treatment arms ‐ A: dynamic fixed angle plate; B: uncemented first‐generation bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; E: uncemented first‐generation unipolar hemiarthroplasty; F: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; G: total hip arthroplasty; H: dual‐mobility total hip arthroplasty; I: pins; J: screws; K: non‐operative treatment; L: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
10
10
Network forest plot for early mortality. The centre line of the diamond favours the treatment labelled on the same side (left or right). Treatment nodes ‐ A: dynamic fixed angle plate; B: uncemented first‐generation bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; E: uncemented first‐generation unipolar hemiarthroplasty; F: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; G: total hip arthroplasty; H: dual‐mobility total hip arthroplasty; I: pins; J: screws; K: non‐operative treatment; L: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
11
11
Cumulative ranking probability curves for each treatment in the early mortality network. Each curve corresponds to the cumulative probability for all treatment ranks. From left to right along the x‐axis are the possible rankings for each treatment (12 in total; only best (1st) and worst (12th) shown in Figure). Probabilities of each ranking are cumulatively summed from best to worst along the x‐axis for each treatment. Treatment nodes ‐ A: dynamic fixed angle plate; B: uncemented first‐generation bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; E: uncemented first‐generation unipolar hemiarthroplasty; F: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; G: total hip arthroplasty; H: dual‐mobility total hip arthroplasty; I: pins; J: screws; K: non‐operative treatment; L: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
12
12
Network forest plot for 12 month mortality. The centre line of the diamond favours the treatment labelled on the same side (left or right). Treatment nodes ‐ A: dynamic fixed angle plate; B: uncemented first‐generation bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; E: uncemented first‐generation unipolar hemiarthroplasty; F: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; G: total hip arthroplasty; H: dual‐mobility total hip arthroplasty; I: pins; J: screws; K: non‐operative; L: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
13
13
Mortality at 12 months. Network estimates for treatments compared against cemented modern unipolar HA. CI: confidence interval; HA: hemiarthroplasty; RR: risk ratios; THA: total hip arthroplasty
14
14
Cumulative ranking probability curves for each treatment in the mortality at 12 months network. Each curve corresponds to the cumulative probability for all treatment ranks. From left to right along the x‐axis are the possible rankings for each treatment (12 in total; only best (1st) and worst (12th) shown in Figure). Probabilities of each ranking are cumulatively summed from best to worst along the x‐axis for each treatment. Treatment nodes ‐ A: dynamic fixed angle plate; B: uncemented first‐generation bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: uncemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; E: uncemented first‐generation unipolar hemiarthroplasty; F: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; G: total hip arthroplasty; H: dual‐mobility total hip arthroplasty; I: pins; J: screws; K: non‐operative; L: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
15
15
Network forest plot for late mortality. The centre line of the diamond favours the treatment labelled on the same side (left or right). Treatment nodes ‐ A: dynamic fixed angle plate; B: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: uncemented first‐generation unipolar hemiarthroplasty; E: total hip arthroplasty; F: screws; G: non‐operative treatment; H: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
16
16
Cumulative ranking probability curves for each treatment in the late mortality network. Each curve corresponds to the cumulative probability for all treatment ranks. From left to right along the x‐axis are the possible rankings for each treatment (8 in total; only best (1st) and worst (8th) shown in Figure). Probabilities of each ranking are cumulatively summed from best to worst along the x‐axis for each treatment. Treatment nodes ‐ A: dynamic fixed angle plate; B: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: uncemented first‐generation unipolar hemiarthroplasty; E: total hip arthroplasty; F: screws; G: non‐operative treatment; H: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
17
17
Network forest plot for early health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). The centre line of the diamond favours the treatment labelled on the same side (left or right). Treatment nodes: A: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; B: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: total hip arthroplasty; E: dual‐mobility total hip arthroplasty; F: screws; G: non‐operative treatment; H: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
18
18
Cumulative ranking probability curves for each treatment in the early HRQoL network. Each curve corresponds to the cumulative probability for all treatment ranks. From left to right along the x‐axis are the possible rankings for each treatment (8 in total; only best (1st) and worst (8th) shown in Figure). Probabilities of each ranking are cumulatively summed from best to worst along the x‐axis for each treatment. Treatment nodes: A: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; B: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: total hip arthroplasty; E: dual‐mobility total hip arthroplasty; F: screws; G: non‐operative treatment; H: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
19
19
Network forest plot for HRQoL at 12 months. The centre line of the diamond favours the treatment labelled on the same side (left or right). Treatment nodes ‐ A: dynamic fixed angle plate; B: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; E: total hip arthroplasty; F: screws; G: non‐operative treatment; H: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
20
20
Health‐related quality of life at 12 months. Network estimates for treatments compared against cemented modern unipolar HA. CI: confidence interval; HA: hemiarthroplasty; SMD: standardised mean difference; THA: total hip arthroplasty
21
21
Cumulative ranking probability curves for each treatment in the HRQoL at 12 months network. Each curve corresponds to the cumulative probability for all treatment ranks. From left to right along the x‐axis are the possible rankings for each treatment (8 in total; only best (1st) and worst (8th) shown in Figure). Probabilities of each ranking are cumulatively summed from best to worst along the x‐axis for each treatment. Treatment nodes ‐ A: dynamic fixed angle plate; B: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; E: total hip arthroplasty; F: screws; G: non‐operative treatment; H: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
22
22
Network forest plots for late HRQoL. Treatment nodes ‐ A: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; B: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: total hip arthroplasty; E: screws; F: non‐operative; G: cemented modern unipolar
23
23
Cumulative ranking probability curves for each treatment in the late HRQoL network. Each curve corresponds to the cumulative probability for all treatment ranks. From left to right along the x‐axis are the possible rankings for each treatment (7 in total; only best (1st) and worst (7th) shown in Figure). Probabilities of each ranking are cumulatively summed from best to worst along the x‐axis for each treatment. Treatment nodes ‐ A: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; B: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: total hip arthroplasty; E: screws; F: non‐operative; G: cemented modern unipolar
24
24
Network forest plot for unplanned return to theatre. Treatment arms ‐ A: dynamic fixed angle plate; B: uncemented first‐generation bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; E: uncemented first‐generation unipolar hemiarthroplasty; F: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; G: total hip arthroplasty; H: dual‐mobility total hip arthroplasty; I: pins; J: screws; K: non‐operative treatment; L: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
25
25
Unplanned return to theatre. Network estimates for treatments compared against cemented modern unipolar HA. CI: confidence interval; HA: hemiarthroplasty; RR: risk ratios; THA: total hip arthroplasty
26
26
Cumulative ranking probability curves for each treatment in the unplanned return to theatre outcome network. Each curve corresponds to the cumulative probability for all treatment ranks. From left to right along the x‐axis are the possible rankings for each treatment (12 in total; only best (1st) and worst (12th) shown in Figure). Probabilities of each ranking are cumulatively summed from best to worst along the x‐axis for each treatment. Treatment arms ‐ A: dynamic fixed angle plate; B: uncemented first‐generation bipolar hemiarthroplasty; C: uncemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; D: cemented modern bipolar hemiarthroplasty; E: uncemented first‐generation unipolar hemiarthroplasty; F: uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty; G: total hip arthroplasty; H: dual‐mobility total hip arthroplasty; I: pins; J: screws; K: non‐operative treatment; L: cemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty
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References

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    1. Cornell CN, Levine D, O'Doherty J, Lyden J.Unipolar versus bipolar hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of femoral neck fractures in the elderly. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 1998;348:67-71. [PMID: ] - PubMed
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Davison 2001 {published data only}
    1. Calder SJ, Anderson GH, Gregg PJ.Bipolar hemiarthroplasty for displaced intracapsular hip fractures: a randomised prospective trial [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 1995;77:214. - PubMed
    1. Calder SJ, Anderson GH, Harper WM, Gregg PJ.The use of bipolar hemi-arthroplasty in intracapsular hip fracture - a prospective randomised trial [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 1995;77(1):no pagination.
    1. Davison J, Harper WM, Gregg PJ.Which treatment for the displaced fractures of the femoral neck? A prospective randomised comparison of three surgical procedures [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1997;79(2):243-4.
    1. Davison JNS, Calder SJ, Anderson GH, Ward G, Jagger C, Harper WM, et al.Treatment for displaced intracapsular fracture of the proximal femur. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 2001;83(2):206-12. [PMID: ] - PubMed
DeAngelis 2012 {published data only}
    1. DeAngelis JP, Ademi A, Staff I, Lewis CG.Cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures: a prospective randomized trial with early follow-up. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 2012;26(3):135-40. [PMID: ] - PubMed
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Dolatowski 2019 {published data only}
    1. Dolatowski FC, Frihagen F, Bartels S, Opland V, Benth JS, Talsnes O, et al.Screw fixation versus hemiarthroplasty for nondisplaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume 2019;101(2):136-44. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Dorr 1986 {published data only}
    1. Dorr LD, Glousman R, Hoy AL, Vanis R, Chandler R.Treatment of femoral neck fractures with total hip replacement versus cemented and noncemented hemiarthroplasty. Journal of Arthroplasty 1986;1(1):21-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
El‐Abed 2005 {published data only}
    1. El-Abed K, McGuinness A, Brunner J, Dallovedova P, O'Connor P, Kennedy JG.Comparison of outcomes following uncemented hemiarthroplasty and dynamic hip screw in the treatment of displaced subcapital hip fractures in patients aged greater than 70 years. Acta Orthopaedica Belgica 2005;71(1):48-54. - PubMed
Elmerson 1988 {published data only}
    1. Elmerson S, Andersson GB, Irstam L, Zetterberg C.Internal fixation of femoral neck fracture. No difference between the Rydell four-flanged nail and Gouffon's pins. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1988;59(4):372-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Elmerson 1995 {published data only}
    1. Elmerson S, Sjöstedt Å, Zetterberg C.Fixation of femoral neck fracture. A randomized 2-year follow-up study of hook pins and sliding screw plate in 222 patients. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1995;66(6):507-10. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Emery 1991 {published data only}
    1. Emery RJ, Broughton NS, Desai K, Bulstrode CJ, Thomas TL.Bipolar hemiarthroplasty for subcapital fracture of the femoral neck. A prospective randomised trial of cemented Thompson and uncemented Moore stems. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 1991;73(2):322-4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Eschler 2014 {published data only}
    1. Eschler A, Brandt S, Gierer P, Mittlmeier T, Gradl G.Angular stable multiple screw fixation (Targon FN) versus standard SHS for the fixation of femoral neck fractures. Injury 2014;45(Suppl 1):S76-S80. [PMID: ] - PubMed
FAITH 2017 {published data only}
    1. FAITH Investigators.Fixation using alternative implants for the treatment of hip fractures (FAITH): design and rationale for a multi-centre randomized trial comparing sliding hip screws and cancellous screws on revision surgery rates and quality of life in the treatment of femoral neck fractures. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2014;15(219):1-15. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. FAITH Investigators.Fracture fixation in the operative management of hip fractures (FAITH): an international, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2017;389(10078):1519-27. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Fernandez 2022 {published data only}
    1. Fernandez MA, Achten J, Lerner RG, Mironov K, Parsons N, Dritsaki M, et al.Randomised controlled trial comparing hydroxyapatite coated uncemented hemiarthroplasty with cemented hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of displaced intracapsular hip fractures: a protocol for the WHITE 5 study. BMJ Open 2019;9(12):e033957. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fernandez MA, Achten J, Parsons N, Griffin XL, Png M-E, Gould J, et al.Cemented or uncemented hemiarthroplasty for intracapsular hip fracture. New England Journal of Medicine 2022;386:521-30. - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN18393176.A randomised controlled trial to compare contemporary un-cemented hemiarthroplasty with the standard-of-care cemented hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of displaced intracapsular hip fractures. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN18393176 (first received 13 March 2017).
Figved 2009 {published data only}
    1. Figved W, Opland V, Frihagen F, Jervidalo T, Madsen JE, Nordsletten L.Cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 2009;467(9):2426-35. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Langslet E, Frihagen F, Opland V, Madsen JE, Nordsletten L, Figved W.Cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures: 5-year followup of a randomized trial. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 2014;472(4):1291-9. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00491673.A prospective randomised trial of uncemented versus cemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00491673 (first received 25 June 2007).
Figved 2018 {published data only}
    1. Figved W, Svenoy S, Rohrl SM, Dahl J, Nordsletten L, Frihagen F.Higher cartilage wear in unipolar than bipolar hemiarthroplasties of the hip at 2 years: a randomized controlled radiostereometric study in 19 fit elderly patients with femoral neck fractures. Acta Orthopaedica 2018;89(5):503-8. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00746876.Unipolar or bipolar hemiarthroplasty in the treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures. A randomised trial of RSA measurements of acetabular wear. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00746876 (first received 4 September 2008).
Frandsen 1981 {published data only}
    1. Frandsen PA, Andersen PE Jr.Treatment of displaced fractures of the femoral neck. Smith-Petersen osteosynthesis versus sliding-nail-plate osteosynthesis. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1981;52(5):547-52. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Frandsen PA.Osteosynthesis of displaced fractures of the femoral neck. A comparison between Smith-Petersen Osteosynthesis and sliding-nail-plate osteosynthesis - a radiological study. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1979;50(4):443-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Frihagen 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bjornelv GM, Frihagen F, Madesn J, Nordsletten L, Aas E.Hemiarthroplasty compared to internal fixation with percutaneous cannulated screws as treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly: cost-utility analysis performed alongside a randomized, controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2012;23:1711-19. - PubMed
    1. Frihagen F, Grotle M, Madsen JE, Wyller TB, Mowinckel P, Nordsletten L.Outcome after femoral neck fractures: a comparison of Harris Hip Score, EQ-5D and Barthel Index. Injury 2008;39:1147-56. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Frihagen F, Madsen JE, Nordsletten L, Lofthus CM, Stoen RO.Hemiarthroplasty or internal fixation for displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly: 6 year follow up of an RCT. Osteoporosis International 2013;1:S135.
    1. Frihagen F, Nordsletten L, Madsen JE.Hemiarthroplasty or internal fixation for intracapsular displaced femoral neck fractures: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2007;335(7632):1251-4. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Frihagen F, Waaler G, Madsen JE, Nordsletten L, Aas E.Hemiarthroplasty cost effective in the treatment of femoral neck fractures in the elderly: a cost utility analysis of 2 years of hemiarthroplasty and internal fixation of displaced femoral neck fractures in 166 patients. Osteoporosis International 2011;1:S102-S03. - PubMed
Griffin 2014 {published data only}
    1. Griffin XL, Parsons N, Achten J, Costa ML.The Targon femoral neck hip screw versus cannulated screws for internal fixation of intracapsular fractures of the hip: a randomised controlled trial. Bone & Joint Journal 2014;96(5):652-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Griffin XL, Parsons N, Achten J, Costa ML.Warwick Hip Trauma Study: a randomised clinical trial comparing interventions to improve outcomes in internally fixed intracapsular fractures of the proximal femur. Protocol for the WHiT Study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2010;11(184):1-8. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Griffin 2016 {published data only}
    1. Griffin XL, McArthur J, Achten J, Parsons N, Costa ML.The Warwick Hip Trauma Evaluation Two - an abridged protocol for the WHiTE Two Study: an embedded randomised trial comparing the dual-mobility with polyethylene cups in hip arthroplasty for fracture. Bone & Joint Research 2013;2(10):210-3. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Griffin XL, Parsons N, Achten J, Costa ML.A randomised feasibility study comparing total hip arthroplasty with and without dual mobility acetabular component in the treatment of displaced intracapsular fractures of the proximal femur: the Warwick Hip Trauma Evaluation Two: WHiTE Two. Bone & Joint Journal 2016;98(11):1431-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN90544391.A randomised controlled trial comparing total hip replacement with and without a dual mobility cup in the treatment of displaced intracapsular fractures of the proximal femur. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN90544391 (first received 9 April 2013).
Harper 1994a {published data only}
    1. Harper WM.A prospective randomised trial comparing multiple parallel cannulated screws with a sliding hip screw and plate. In: In: Treatment of intracapsular proximal femoral fractures [Doctoral thesis]. Leicester (UK): University of Leicester, 1994:158-86.
Harper 1994b {published data only}
    1. Anderson GH, Dias JJ, Hoskinson J, Harper WM.A randomized study of the use of bone cement with Thompson's prosthesis in the treatment of intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume 1992;74(2):132-3.
    1. Harper WM.A prospective randomised trial comparing cemented and uncemented Thompson hemiarthroplasty in the treatment of displaced intracapsular proximal femoral fractures. In: In: Treatment of intracapsular proximal femoral fractures [Doctorol thesis]. Leicester (UK): University of Leicester, 1994:150-7.
HEALTH 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Einhorn TA, Thabane L, Schemitsch EH, Koval KJ, et al, Health Investigators.Hip fracture evaluation with alternatives of total hip arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty (HEALTH): protocol for a multicentre randomised trial. BMJ Open 2015;5(2):e006263. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Health Investigators.Total hip arthroplasty or hemiarthroplasty for hip fracture. New England Journal of Medicine 2019;381(23):2199-208. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. NTR1623.Hip fracture evaluation with alternatives of total hip arthroplasty versus hemi-arthroplasty (HEALTH): a multi-centre randomised trial comparing total hip arthroplasty and hemi-arthroplasty on revision surgery and quality of life in patients with displaced femoral neck fractures. www.trialregister.nl/trial/685 (first received 12 January 2009).
Hedbeck 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hedbeck CJ, Blomfeldt R, Lapidus G, Tornkvist H, Ponzer S, Tidermark J.Unipolar hemiarthroplasty versus bipolar hemiarthroplasty in the most elderly patients with displaced femoral neck fractures: a randomised, controlled trial. International Orthopaedics 2011;35(11):1703-11. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Inngul C, Hedbeck CJ, Blomfeldt R, Lapidus G, Ponzer S, Enocson A.Unipolar hemiarthroplasty versus bipolar hemiarthroplasty in patients with displaced femoral neck fractures: a four-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. International Orthopaedics 2013;37(12):2457-64. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hedbeck 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hedbeck CJ, Inngul C, Blomfeldt R, Ponzer S, Tornkvist H, Enocson A.Internal fixation versus cemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures in patients with severe cognitive dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 2013;27(12):690-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Herngren 1992 {published data only}
    1. Herngren B, Mörk-Petersen F, Bauer M.Uppsala screws or Hansson pins for internal fixation of femoral neck fractures? A prospective study of 180 cases. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1992;63(1):41-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Holmberg 1990 {published data only}
    1. Holmberg S, Mattsson P, Dahlborn M, Ersmark H.Fixation of 220 femoral neck fractures. A prospective comparison of the Rydell nail and the LIH hook pins. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1990;61(2):154-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ingwersen 1992 {published data only}
    1. Ingwersen J, Skoglund A, Syversen S.Early loss of fixation of cervical hip fractures. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1992;63(Suppl 247):6.
Inngul 2015 {published data only}
    1. Barenius B, Inngul C, Alagic Z, Enocson A.A randomized controlled trial of cemented versus cementless arthroplasty in patients with a displaced femoral neck fracture. Bone & Joint Journal 2018;100(8):1087-93. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Inngul C, Blomfeldt R, Ponzer S, Enocson A.Cemented versus uncemented arthroplasty in patients with a displaced fracture of the femoral neck: a randomised controlled trial. Bone & Joint Journal 2015;97(11):1475-80. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. NCT01798472.Cemented versus uncemented arthroplasty in elderly patients with displaced femoral neck fractures: a randomized controlled trial. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01798472 (first received 25 February 2013.
Iorio 2019 {published data only}
    1. Iorio R, Iannotti F, Mazza D, Speranza A, Massafra C, Guzzini M, et al.Is dual cup mobility better than hemiarthroplasty in patients with dementia and femoral neck fracture? A randomized controlled trial. SICOT-J 5;38:1-4. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Jeffcote 2010 {published data only}
    1. Jeffcote B, Li MG, Barnet-Moorcroft A, Wood D, Nivbrant B.Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis and clinical assessment of unipolar versus bipolar hemiarthroplasty for subcapital femur fracture: a randomized prospective study. ANZ Journal of Surgery 2010;80(4):242-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Johansson 2014 {published data only}
    1. Johansson T, Bachrach-Lindstrom M, Aspenberg P, Jonsson D, Wahlstrom O.The total costs of a displaced femoral neck fracture: comparison of internal fixation and total hip replacement. A randomised study of 146 hips. International Orthopaedics 2006;30(1):1-6. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Johansson T, Jacobsson SA, Ivarsson I, Knutsson A, Wahlstrom O.Internal fixation versus total hip arthroplasty in the treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures: a prospective randomized study of 100 hips. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 2000;71(6):597-602. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Johansson T, Risto O, Knutsson A, Wahlstrom O.Heterotopic ossification following internal fixation or arthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures: a prospective randomized study. International Orthopaedics 2001;25(4):223-5. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Johansson T.Displaced femoral neck fractures: a prospective randomized study of clinical outcome, nutrition and costs. www.dissertations.se/dissertation/14110afa82 2002;(accessed 12 November 2020).
    1. Johansson T.Internal fixation compared with total hip replacement for displaced femoral neck fractures: a minimum fifteen-year follow-up study of a previously reported randomized trial. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. American Volume 2014;96(6):e46. - PubMed
Jonsson 1996 {published data only}
    1. Jonsson B, Sernbo I, Carlsson A, Fredin H, Johnell O.Social function after cervical hip fracture. A comparison of hook-pins and total hip replacement in 47 patients. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1996;67(5):431-4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kalland 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kalland K, Åberg H, Berggren A, Ullman M, Snellman G, Jonsson KB, et al.Similar outcome of femoral neck fractures treated with Pinloc or Hansson pins: 1-year data from a multicenter randomized clinical study on 439 patients. Acta Orthopaedica 2019;90(6):542-6. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Kanto 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kanto K, Sihvonen R, Eskelinen A, Laitinen M.Uni- and bipolar hemiarthroplasty with a modern cemented femoral component provides elderly patients with displaced femoral neck fractures with equal functional outcome and survivorship at medium-term follow-up. Archives of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery 2014;134(9):1251-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Keating 2006 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN32884890.Scottish trial of arthroplasty or reduction for subcapital fractures (STARS). www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN32884890 (first received 25 April 2003).
    1. Keating JF, Grant A, Masson M, Scott NW, Forbes JF.Displaced intracapsular hip fractures in fit, older people: a randomised comparison of reduction and fixation, bipolar hemiarthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty. Health Technology Assessment 2005;9(41):iii-iv, ix. [PMID: ] - PubMed
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Kim 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kim YH, Oh JH.A comparison of a conventional versus a short, anatomical metaphyseal-fitting cementless femoral stem in the treatment of patients with a fracture of the femoral neck. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 2012;94(6):774-81. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kuokkanen 1991 {published data only}
    1. Ilkka AP, Korkala O, Kuokkanen H, Tolonen J, Lehtimaki M, Silvennoinen T.A comparison between two operative treatments in femoral neck fractures. Suomen Ortopedia ja Traumatologia 1988;11(1):46-8.
    1. Kuokkanen H, Korkala O, Antti-Poika I, Tolonen J, Lehtimäki MY, Silvennoinen T.Three cancellous bone screws versus a screw-angle plate in the treatment of Garden I and II fractures of the femoral neck. Acta Orthopaedica Belgica 1991;57(1):53-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Lagerby 1998 {published data only}
    1. Lagerby M, Asplund S, Ringqvist I.Cannulated screws for fixation of femoral neck fractures. No difference between Uppsala screws and Richards screws in a randomized prospective study of 268 cases. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1998;69(4):387-91. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Lim 2020 {published data only}
    1. Lim YJ, Park HJ, Lee YK, Ha YC, Koo KH.Comparison of bone preservation in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture after bipolar hemiarthroplasty using shorter femoral stem and standard femoral stem. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics 2020;54(6):868-78. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Lindequist 1989 {published data only}
    1. Lindequist S, Malmqvist B, Ullmark G.Fixation of femoral neck fracture. Prospective comparison of von Bahr screws, Gouffon screws, and Hessel pins. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1989;60(3):293-8. Erratum in: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1989;60(4):507-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Liu 2017 {published data only}
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Livesley 1993 {published data only}
    1. Livesley PJ, Srivastiva VM, Needoff M, Prince HG, Moulton AM.Use of a hydroxyapatite-coated hemiarthroplasty in the management of subcapital fractures of the femur. Injury 1993;24(4):236-40. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Lu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Dolatowski FC, Randsborg PH, Utvag SE, Jakobsen RB.Comment on the article: Hemiarthroplasty versus internal fixation in super-aged patients with undisplaced femoral neck fractures: a 5-year follow-up of randomized controlled trial. Archives of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery 2017;137(9):1269-70. - PubMed
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Lykke 2003 {published data only}
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Macaulay 2008 {published data only}
    1. Macaulay W, Nellans K, Garvin K, Iorio R, Healy W, Teeny S, et al, DFACTO Consortiuim.Prospective randomized clinical trial comparing hemiarthroplasty to total hip arthroplasty: functional outcomes in the treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures. Journal of Arthroplasty 2006;17:S238-9. - PubMed
    1. Macaulay W, Nellans KW, Garvin KL, Iorio R, Healy WL, Rosenwasser MP, et al, DFACTO Consortium.Prospective randomized clinical trial comparing hemiarthroplasty to total hip arthroplasty in the treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures: winner of the Dorr Award. Osteoporosis International 2008;23(6):2-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Macaulay W, Nellans KW, Iorio R, Garvin KL, Healy WL, Rosenwasser MP, DFACTO Consortium.Total hip arthroplasty is less painful at 12 months compared with hemiarthroplasty in treatment of displaced femoral neck fracture. HSS Journal 2008;4(1):48-54. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Madsen 1987 {published data only}
    1. Linde F, Andersen E, Hvass I, Madsen F, Pallesen R.Avascular femoral head necrosis following fracture fixation. Injury 1986;17(3):159-63. [PMID: ] - PubMed
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Malhotra 1995 {published data only}
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Mattsson 2003 {published data only}
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Mattsson 2006 {published data only}
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Mjørud 2006 {published data only}
    1. Mjørud J, Skaro O, Solhaug JH, Thorngren KG.A randomised study in all cervical hip fractures osteosynthesis with Hansson hook-pins versus AO-screws in 199 consecutive patients followed for two years. Injury 2006;37(8):768-77. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Moerman 2017 {published data only}
    1. Moerman S, Mathijssen NM, Niesten DD, Riedijk R, Rijnberg WJ, Koeter S, et al.More complications in uncemented compared to cemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures: a randomized controlled trial of 201 patients, with one year follow-up. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2017;18(1):169. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NTR1508.Cemented versus non-cemented hemiarthroplasty of the hip as a treatment for a displaced femoral neck fracture; a multi center randomised trial. www.trialregister.nl/trial/1447 (first received 27 October 2008).
Moroni 2002 {published data only}
    1. Moroni A, Pegreffi F, Romagnoli M, Giannini S.Cemented vs uncemented fixation of femoral neck fractures in osteoporotic patients. A prospective randomized study [abstract]. Hip International 2002;12(2):245-6.
    1. Moroni A, Pegreffi F, Romagnoli M, Hoang-Kim A, Tesei F, Giannini S.Result in osteoporotic femoral neck fractures treated with cemented versus uncemented hip arthroplasty (Abstract). Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 2009;91:167.
Motififard 2010 {published data only}
    1. Motififard M, Teimouri M, Mollabashi M, Soleimani E.Displaced femoral neck fracture in elderly patients: comparison of primary total hip arthroplasty with internal fixation. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2010;28(111):527-33.
Mouzopoulos 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mouzopoulos G, Stamatakos M, Arabatzi H, Vasiliadis G, Batanis G, Tsembeli A, et al.The four-year function results after a displaced subcapital fracture treated with three different surgical options. International Orthopaedics 2008;32(3):367-73. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Movrin 2020 {published data only}
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Nordkild 1985 {published data only}
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Olerud 1991 {published data only}
    1. Hellqvist E, Olerud C, Rehnberg L.Hansson pins vs Uppsala screws in treating femoral neck fractures. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. Supplementum 1990;61(237):56.
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Ovesen 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ovesen O, Poulsen TD, Andersen I.Uppsala screws versus dynamic hip screw for internal fixation of femoral neck fractures. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1997;68(Suppl 274):40.
Parker 2002 {published data only}
    1. Parker MJ, Khan RJ, Crawford J, Pryor GA.Hemiarthroplasty versus internal fixation for displaced intracapsular hip fractures in the elderly. A randomised trial of 455 patients. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. British Volume 2002;84(8):1150-5. - PubMed
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    1. Parker MJ.Internal fixation or arthroplasty for displaced intracapsular fracture in the elderly - a randomised trial. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. Supplement 1998;69(280):31.
Parker 2010c {published data only}
    1. Parker MJ, Ali SM.Short versus long thread cannulated cancellous screws for intracapsular hip fractures: a randomised trial of 432 patients. Injury 2010;41(4):382-4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Parker 2010d {published data only}
    1. Cumming D, Parker M.Randomised trial of cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced intracapsular fractures. Orthopaedic Proceedings 2012;94-B:Supp III.
    1. Haleem S, Pryor GA, Parker MJ.Randomised controlled trial of cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced intracapsular fractures. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 2008;90:535.
    1. Parker M, Cumming D.Randomised trial of cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced intracapsular fractures. In: British Orthopaedic Association Annual Congress; 2006 Sep 26-29; Glasgow (UK). 2006.
    1. Parker MJ, Pryor G, Gurusamy K.Cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for intracapsular hip fractures: a randomised controlled trial in 400 patients. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. British Volume 2010;92(1):116-22. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Parker 2012 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN04635269.Randomised trial of hip fractures treated with two different types of hip replacements. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN04635269 (first received 28 September 2007).
    1. Parker MJ.Cemented Thompson hemiarthroplasty versus cemented Exeter Trauma Stem (ETS) hemiarthroplasty for intracapsular hip fractures: a randomised trial of 200 patients. Injury 2012;43(6):807-10. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Parker 2015 {published data only}
    1. Parker MJ.Hemiarthroplasty versus internal fixation for displaced intracapsular fractures of the hip in elderly men: a pilot randomised trial. Bone & Joint Journal 2015;97(7):992-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Parker 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT02998359.Randomised controlled trial of hemiarthroplasty versus total hip replacement for intracapsular hip fractures. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02998359 (first received 20 December 2016).
    1. Parker M, Cawley S.Treatment of the displaced intracapsular fracture for the 'fitter' elderly patients: a randomised trial of total hip arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty for 105 patients. Injury 2019;50(11):2009-13. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Parker 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT02998034.Randomised controlled trial of cemented hemiarthroplasty versus uncemented Furlong hemiarthroplasty. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02998034 (first received 16 December 2016).
    1. Parker M, Cawley S.Cemented or uncemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced intracapsular fractures of the hip: a randomized trial of 400 patients. The Bone and Joint Journal 2020;102(B1):11-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Patel 2008 {published data only}
    1. Patel N, Brijlall S.Bipolar versus unipolar for displaced intracapsular hip fractures - a preliminary report [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 2008;90:473.
Pathi 1989 {published data only}
    1. Pathi K, Murthy B.Hemiarthroplasty versus internal fixation for displaced sub-capital fracture neck femur. Indian Journal of Orthopedics 1989;23(2):149-51.
Paus 1986 {published data only}
    1. Paus A, Gjengedal E, Hareide A, Jorgensen JJ.Dislocated fractures of the femoral neck treated with von Bahr screws or hip compression screw. Results of a prospective, randomized study. Journal of the Oslo City Hospitals 1986;36(5-6):55-61. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Puolakka 2001 {published data only}
    1. Puolakka T, Laine HJ, Aho H, Tarvainen T.Thompson endoprothesis compared to Ullevaal screws in displaced femoral fractures. Indian Journal of Orthopedics 1998;21(3):227-8.
    1. Puolakka TJ, Laine HJ, Tarvainen T, Aho H.Thompson hemiarthroplasty is superior to Ullevaal screws in treating displaced femoral neck fractures in patients over 75 years. A prospective randomized study with two-year follow-up. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae 2001;90(3):225-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Raia 2003 {published data only}
    1. Raia FJ, Chapman CB, Herrera MF, Schweppe MW, Michelsen CB, Rosenwasser MP.Unipolar or bipolar hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fractures in the elderly? Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 2003;414:259-65. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Schweppe MW, Vitale MG, Yaron I, Herrera MF, Sollano JA, Michelsen CB, et al.Randomized evaluation of bipolar versus unipolar hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly: preliminary results. Orthopaedic Trauma Association Annual Meeting 1998;25(11):no pagination.
Rashed 2020 {published data only}
    1. Rashed RA, Sevenoaks H, Choudry QA, Kasem MS, Elkhadrawe TA, Eldakhakhny MM.Comparison of functional outcome of cemented total hip replacement versus cemented dual-mobility cup total hip replacement for the management of displaced femoral neck fractures in the active elderly patients. Hip International 2020 Mar 4 [Epub ahead of print]:[7 p.]. [DOI: 10.1177/1120700020910414] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Ravikumar 2000 {published data only}
    1. Ravikumar KJ, Marsh G.Internal fixation versus hemiarthroplasty versus total hip arthroplasty for displaced subcapital fractures of femur--13 year results of a prospective randomised study. Injury 2000;31(10):793-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Skinner P, Riley D, Ellery J, Beaumont A, Coumine R, Shafighian B.Displaced subcapital fractures of the femur: a prospective randomized comparison of internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty and total hip replacement. Injury 1989;20(5):291-3. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Rehman 2014 {published data only}
    1. Rehman ur M, Imran M, Kang TA.Functional outcome of cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for intracapsular hip fractures. Medical Forum Monthly 2014;25(1):44-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Rehnberg 1989 {published data only}
    1. Rehnberg L, Olerud C.Femoral neck fractures: a prospective randomized comparison of von Bahr and Uppsala screws. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. Supplement 1990;61(Suppl 237):55.
    1. Rehnberg L, Olerud C.Fixation of femoral neck fractures. Comparison of the Uppsala and von Bahr screws. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1989;60(5):579-84. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ren 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ren CG, Gao Y.Comparison of total hip arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture. Biomedical Research (India) 2017;28(16):7127-30.
Roden 2003 {published data only}
    1. Roden M, Ellene B, Fredin H.Treatment of displaced femoral neck fracture - internal fixation versus bipolar endoprosthesis - a preliminary report of a prospective randomized study [Abstract]. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1996;67:33.
    1. Roden M, Schon M, Fredin H.Treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures: a randomized minimum 5-year follow-up study of screws and bipolar hemiprostheses in 100 patients. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 200;74(1):42-4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Rogmark 2002 {published data only}
    1. Roeck N.A prospective, randomised trial of internal fixation versus arthroplasty for displaced fractures of the neck of the femur. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. British Volume 2003;85(3):464-5; author reply 65. - PubMed
    1. Leonardsson O, Sernbo I, Carlsson A, Akesson K, Rogmark C.Long-term follow-up of replacement compared with internal fixation for displaced femoral neck fractures: results at ten years in a randomised study of 450 patients. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 2010;92(6):406-12. Erratum in: Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 2010; 92(6):901. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Rogmark C, Carlsson A, Johnell O, Sembo I.Costs of internal fixation and arthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures: a randomized study of 68 patients. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 2003;74(3):293-8. - PubMed
    1. Rogmark C, Carlsson A, Johnell O, Sernbo I, Kreder HJ.Arthroplasty led to fewer failures and more complications than did internal fixation for displaced fractures of the femoral neck. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series A 2002;84(11):2108. - PubMed
    1. Rogmark C, Carlsson A, Johnell O, Sernbo I.A prospective randomised trial of internal fixation versus arthroplasty for displaced fractures of the neck of the femur. Functional outcome for 450 patients at two years. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. British Volume 2002;84(2):183-8. - PubMed
Sadr 1977 {published data only}
    1. Sadr B, Arden GP.A comparison of the stability of proplast-coated and cemented Thompson prostheses in the treatment of subcapital femoral fractures. Injury 1977;8(3):234-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Santini 2005 {published data only}
    1. Santini S, Rebeccato A, Bolgan I, Turi G.Hip fractures in elderly patients treated with bipolar hemiarthroplasty: comparison between cemented and cementless implants. Journal of Orthopaedics & Traumatology 2005;6(2):80-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10195-005-0086-5] - DOI
Sernbo 1990 {published data only}
    1. Sernbo I, Holmquist H, Redlund-Johnell I, Johnell O.Radiographic prediction of failure after fixation of cervical hip fracture. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1994;65(3):295-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Sernbo I, Johnell O, Bååth L, Nilsson JA.Internal fixation of 410 cervical hip fractures. A randomized comparison of a single nail versus two hook-pins. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1990;61(5):411-4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Sharma 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sharma V, Awasthi B, Kumar K, Kohli N, Katoch P.Outcome analysis of hemiarthroplasty vs. total hip replacement in displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2016;10(5):RC11-3. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sikorski 1981 {published data only}
    1. Sikorski JM, Barrington R.Internal fixation versus hemiarthroplasty for the displaced subcapital fracture of the femur. A prospective randomised study. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. British Volume 1981;63(3):357-61. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Sims 2018 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN39085558.The World Hip Trauma Evaluation Study 3: hemiarthroplasty evaluation multi-centre investigation. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN39085558 (first received 23 September 2009).
    1. Sims AL, Parsons N, Achten J, Griffin XL, Costa ML, Reed MR, Cornet trainee collaborative.A randomized controlled trial comparing the Thompson hemiarthroplasty with the Exeter polished tapered stem and Unitrax modular head in the treatment of displaced intracapsular fractures of the hip. Bone & Joint Journal 2018;100(3):352-60. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sims AL, Parsons N, Achten J, Griffin XL, Costa ML, Reed MR.The World Hip Trauma Evaluation Study 3. Hemiarthroplasty evaluation by multicentre investigation - WHiTE 3: HEMI - An abridged protocol. Bone and Joint Research 2016;5(1):18-25. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sonaje 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sonaje JC, Meena PK, Bansiwal RC, Bobade SS.Comparison of functional outcome of bipolar hip arthroplasty and total hip replacement in displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly in a developing country: a 2-year prospective study. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology : Orthopedie Traumatologie 2017;13:13. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Sonne‐Holm 1982 {published data only}
    1. Sonne-Holm S, Walter S, Jensen JS.Moore hemi-arthroplasty with and without bone cement in femoral neck fractures. A clinical controlled trial. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1982;53(6):953-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Soreide 1979 {published data only}
    1. Raugstad TS, Soreide O, Molster A.Screw fixation versus primary prosthetic replacement in acute displaced femoral neck fractures [Abstract]. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1978;49(636):no pagination.
    1. Soreide O, Molster A, Raugstad TS.Internal fixation or primary prosthetic replacement for treatment of acute femoral neck fractures in the elderly: a prospective randomized study [Abstract]. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1979;50:805-6.
    1. Soreide O, Molster A, Raugstad TS.Internal fixation versus primary prosthetic replacement in acute femoral neck fractures: a prospective, randomized clinical study. British Journal of Surgery 1979;66(1):56-60. - PubMed
    1. Soreide O, Rietti D, Alho A.Internal fixation versus primary prosthetic replacement in acute femoral neck fractures. Cost effectiveness analysis [Abstract]. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1979;50(806):no pagination.
Stoffel 2013 {published data only}
    1. Stoffel KK, Nivbrant B, Headford J, Nicholls RL, Yates PJ.Does a bipolar hemiprosthesis offer advantages for elderly patients with neck of femur fracture? A clinical trial with 261 patients. ANZ Journal of Surgery 2013;83(4):249-54. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Strömquist 1984 {published data only}
    1. Strömqvist B, Hansson LI, Nilsson LT, Thorngren KG.Two-year follow-up of femoral neck fractures. Comparison of osteosynthesis methods. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1984;55(5):521-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Strömquist 1988 {published data only}
    1. Roos H, Hansson LI, Ohlin P, Strömqvist B.Screws or hook pins in femoral neck fracture fixation? Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1986;57(3):250.
    1. Strömquist B, Ross H, Hansson LI, Ohlin P.Fixation of fractures of the femoral neck using screws or hook-pins. Radionuclide study and short-term results. Revue de Chirurgie Orthopedique et Reparatrice de l'Appareil Moteur 1988;74(7):609-13. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Svenningsen 1984 {published data only}
    1. Benum P, Nesse O, Svenningsen S.Fracture of the neck of the femur. A randomized prospective study. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1980;51(1-6):371.
    1. Svenningsen S, Benum P, Nesse O, Furset OI, Figved W, Dahl J, et al.Dislocated femoral neck fractures in the elderly. A comparison of three methods of treatment. Radiosteriometric analysis of hemiarthroplasties of the hip - a highly precise method for measurements of cartilage wear. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1985;105(7):492-5.
    1. Svenningsen S, Benum P, Nesse O, Furset OI.Femoral neck fractures in the elderly - a comparison of 3 treatment methods. Nordisk Medicin 1985;100(10):256-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Svenningsen S, Benum P, Nesse O, Furset OI.Internal fixation of femoral neck fractures. Compression screw compared with nail plate fixation. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1984;55(4):423-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Sørensen 1992 {published data only}
    1. Sørensen JL, Varmarken JE, Bomler J.Internal-fixation of femoral-neck fractures - dynamic hip and gouffon screws compared in 73 patients. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1992;63(3):288-92. - PubMed
    1. Varmarken JE, Sørensen JL, Bomler J.Internal fixation of femoral neck fractures; a randomised comparison of Dynamic Hip Screw and Gouffon Pins. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1992;63(Suppl 247):35. - PubMed
Talsnes 2013 {published data only}
    1. Talsnes O, Hjelmstedt F, Pripp AH, Reikeras O, Dahl OE.No difference in mortality between cemented and uncemented hemiprosthesis for elderly patients with cervical hip fracture. A prospective randomized study on 334 patients over 75 years. Archives of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery 2013;133(6):805-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Taylor 2012 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12609000367246.A randomised clinical trial of pain and mobility folllowing cemented vs uncemented hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients with displaced subcapital neck of femur fracture. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12609000367246 (first received 10 February 2009).
    1. Taylor F, Wright M, Zhu M.Hemiarthroplasty of the hip with and without cement: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. American Volume 2012;94(7):577-83. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Tidermark 2003 {published data only}
    1. Blomfeldt R, Tornkvist H, Ponzer S, Soderqvist A, Tidermark J.Comparison of internal fixation with total hip replacement for displaced femoral neck fractures. Randomized, controlled trial performed at four years. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. American Volume 2005;87(8):1680-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Kamath S, Tidermark J.Internal fixation compared with total hip replacement for displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly (multiple letters). Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series B 2004;86(1):148-9. - PubMed
    1. Tidermark J, Ponzer S, Svensson O, Söderqvist A, Törnkvist H.Internal fixation compared with total hip replacement for displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly: a randomised, controlled trial. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. British Volume 2003;85(3):380-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Van den Bekerom 2010 {published data only}
    1. Tol MC, Van den Bekerom MP, Sierevelt IN, Hilverdink EF, Raaymakers EL, Goslings JC.Hemiarthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty for the treatment of a displaced intracapsular fracture in active elderly patients: 12-year follow-up of randomised trial. Bone & Joint Journal 2017;99(2):250-4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Van den Bekerom MP, Hilverdink EF, Sierevelt IN, Reuling EM, Schnater JM, et al.A comparison of hemiarthroplasty with total hip replacement for displaced intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck: a randomised controlled multicentre trial in patients aged 70 years and over. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. British Volume 2010;92(10):1422-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Van Dortmont 2000 {published data only}
    1. Van Dortmont LM, Douw CM, Van Breukelen AM, Laurens DR, Mulder PG, Wereldsma JC, et al.Cannulated screws versus hemiarthroplasty for displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures in demented patients. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae 2000;89(2):132-7. - PubMed
Van Vugt 1993 {published data only}
    1. Van Vugt AB, Oosterwijk WM, Goris RJ.Osteosynthesis versus endoprosthesis in the treatment of unstable intracapsular hip fractures in the elderly. A randomised clinical trial. Archives of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery 1993;113(1):39-45. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Vidovic 2013 {published data only}
    1. Vidovic D, Matejcic A, Punda M, Ivica M, Tomljenovic M, Bekavac-Beslin M, et al.Periprosthetic bone loss following hemiarthroplasty: a comparison between cemented and cementless hip prosthesis. Injury 2013;44:S62-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Vidovic D, Punda M, Darabos N, Bekavac-Beslin M, Bakota B, Matejcic A.Regional bone loss following femoral neck fracture: a comparison between cemented and cementless hemiarthroplasty. Injury 2015;46:S52-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Watson 2013 {published data only}
    1. Watson A, Zhang Y, Beattie S, Page RS.Prospective randomized controlled trial comparing dynamic hip screw and screw fixation for undisplaced subcapital hip fractures. ANZ Journal of Surgery 2013;83(9):679-83. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Wei 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wei P, Xu Y, Gu Y, Geng D, Yao Q, Wang L.Conservative vs surgical treatment of impacted femoral neck fracture in patients 75 years and older. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2020;68(10):2214-21. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Wihlborg 1990 {published data only}
    1. Wihlborg O.Fixation of femoral neck fractures. A four-flanged nail versus threaded pins in 200 cases. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1990;61(5):415-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Xu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Xu F, Ke R, Gu Y, Qi W.Bipolar hemiarthroplasty vs. total hip replacement in elderly. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2017;10(5):7911-20. [CORPUS ID: 53049671]

References to studies excluded from this review

Aydin 2009 {published data only}
    1. Aydin N, Bezer M, Akgulle AH, Saygi B, Kocaoglu B, Guven O.Comparison of distal and proximal centralising devices in hip arthroplasty. International Orthopaedics 2009;33(4):945-8. [17105379] - PMC - PubMed
Bisaccia 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bisaccia M, Ceccarini P, Rinonapoli G, Di Giacomo LM, Teodori J, Schiavone A, et al.Dhs plus anti-rotational screw vs cannulated screws for femoral neck fractures: an analysis of clinical outcome and incidence regarding avn. Acta Orthopaedica Belgica 2018;84(3):279-83. [16192390] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Dong 2019 {published data only}
    1. Dong Q, Han Z, Zhang YG, Sun X, Ma X L.Comparison of transverse cancellous lag screw and ordinary cannulated screw fixations in treatment of vertical femoral neck fractures. Orthopaedic Surgery 2019;11(4):595-603. [16192392] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
FAITH‐2 2020 {published data only}
    1. FAITH-2 Investigators.Fixation using alternative implants for the treatment of hip fractures (FAITH-2): the clinical outcomes of a multi-centre 2x2 factorial randomized controlled pilot trial in young femoral neck fracture patients. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 2020 Jul 24 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000001773] [16192394] - DOI - PubMed
ISRCTN42349821 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN42349821.Comparing outcomes of fractured neck of femur patients treated with Thompsons hemiarthroplasty versus Exeter Trauma Stem. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN42349821 (first received 28 July 2014). [17105381]
Jensen 1984 {published data only}
    1. Jensen J, Rasmussen TB, Christensen S, Holm-Moller S, Lauritzen J.Internal fixation or prosthetic replacement in fresh femoral neck fractures [abstract]. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1984;55(712):no pagination.
Karpman 1992 {published data only}
    1. Karpman RR, Lee TK, Moore BM.Austin-Moore versus bipolar hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures: a randomized prospective study [abstract]. Orthopaedic Transactions 1992;16:no pagination. [17105383]
Kavcic 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kavcic G, Hudoklin P, Mikek M, Hussein M.Hemiarthroplasty versus total arthroplasty for treatment of femoral neck fractures. European Journal of Trauma 2006;32:24. [17105385]
Kumar 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kumar S, Bharti A, Rawat A, Kumar V, Avasthi S.Comparative study of fresh femoral neck fractures managed by multiple cancellous screws with and without fibular graft in young adults. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics & Trauma 2015;6(1):6-11. [16192396] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Min 1999 {published data only}
    1. Min BW, Kang CH, Jung MH.Femoral neck fracture fixation: comparison of Dynamic Hip Screw and cannulated screw fixation. Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association 1999;34(2):365-71. [16192398]
Okcu 2015 {published data only}
    1. Okcu G, Özkayin N, Erkan S, Tosyali KH, Aktuglu K.Should full threaded compression screws be used in adult femoral neck fractures? Injury 2015;46(Suppl 2):S24-8. [16192400] [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Okcu G, Ozkayin N, Aktuglu K.Full threaded compression screws should not be used in adult femoral neck fractures. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery 2010;36:85. [16192401]
    1. Okcu G, Ozkayin N, Aktuglu K.Outcome of AO/OTA 31-A3 fractures of the proximal femur treated with either short or long proximal femoral nail. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery 2011;37:S78-9. [16192402]
Qiu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Qiu S, Zhu T, Song L, Bo Y, An W, Yang H.Internal fixation with cancellous bone screws is effective for femoral neck fractures by lowering the incidence of femoral head necrosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(2):3723-8. [16192404]
Rosen 1992 {published data only}
    1. Rosen LL, Miller BJ, Dupuis PR, Jarzem P, Hadjipavlou A.A prospective randomized study comparing bipolar hip arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients with subcapital fractures. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 1992;74:282. [17105387]
Sernbo 1986 {published data only}
    1. Sernbo I, Edwards P, Johnell O, Bååth L.Cannulated screws versus spring loaded single nail in cervical hip fractures: a prospective randomized trial. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1986;57(6):598. [16192406]
Siavashi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Siavashi B, Aalirezaei A, Moosavi M, Golbakhsh MR, Savadkoohi D, Zehtab MJ.A comparative study between multiple cannulated screws and dynamic hip screw for fixation of femoral neck fracture in adults. International Orthopaedics 2015;39(10):2069-71. [16192408] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Somashekar 2013 {published data only}
    1. Somashekar, Krishna SV, Murthy JS.Treatment of femoral neck fractures: unipolar versus bipolar hemiarthroplasty. Malaysian Orthopaedic Journal 2013;7(2):6-11. [17105389] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sorensen 1996 {published data only}
    1. Sorensen AI, Scavenius M, Aagaard H, Ronnebech J, Torholm C.Dynamic hip screw versus Hook-pins versus Uppsala screws in treatment of fracture of the cervical neck. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. Supplementum 1996;267:30. [16192410]
Stock 1997 {published data only}
    1. Stock M, Halliday M, Wood D, Brennon J, Smith A.A randomised prospective trial comparing ceramic and Thompsons hemiarthroplasty in subcapital femoral fractures. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 1997;79:386. [17105391]
Van Thiel 1988 {published data only}
    1. Van Thiel PH, Snellen JP, Jansen WB, Van de Slikke W.Moore prosthesis versus bipolar Bateman prosthesis: a prospective randomised clinical study. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 1988;70(4):677. [17105393]
Yin 2016 {published data only}
    1. Yin Q, Gu S, Wang J, Li H.Prospective randomized controlled study on treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures with percutaneous compression plate. Chinese Journal of Reparative & Reconstructive Surgery 2016;30(8):951-5. [16192412] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Yu 2013 {published data only}
    1. Yu XB, Zhao DW, Zhong SZ, Liu BY, Wang BJ, Liu YP, et al.Prospective and comparative analysis of internal fixation of femoral neck fractures with or without vascularized iliac graft in young adults. Orthopedics 2013;36(2):e132-8. [16192414] [PMID: ] - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

NCT00800124 {published data only}
    1. NCT00800124.A prospective randomised multicenter study on cemented and non-cemented hemiprosthesis in older patients with dislocated hip fracture. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00800124 (first received 27 November 2008). [17105395]
NCT00859378 {published data only}
    1. NCT00859378.A prospective, randomized study comparing cemented and non-cemented semiendoprostheses in the treatment of proximal femoral fractures in the elderly patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00859378 (first received 10 March 2008). [17105397]
NCT01432691 {published data only}
    1. NCT01432691.Clinical and RSA comparison of hemi versus total hip arthroplasty after displaced femoral neck fracture. A randomized double-blind study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01432691 (first received 9 September 2011). [17105399]
NTR1782 {published data only}
    1. NTR1782.Randomised clinical trial comparing cemented and hydroxy-apatite coated uncemented hemi-arthroplasty in the elderly patient with a proximal intracapsular femoral fracture. trialregister.nl/trial/1681 (first received 28 April 2009). [17105401]

References to ongoing studies

ChiCTR1800015159 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1800015159.Four cannulated screw internal fixation in treatment of young and middle-aged displaced femoral neck fractures: a prospective randomized study. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1800015159 (first received 11 March 2018). [16192416]
ChiCTR1800015618 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1800015618.A prospective randomized controlled trial of novel anatomical femoral neck plates for treating femoral neck fractures. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1800015618 (first received 12 April 2018). [16192418]
ChiCTR1800019531 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1800019531.A randomized controlled trial for comparing the hemiarthroplasty with the total hip arthroplasty in the treatment of femoral neck fractures in patients older than 75 years. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=31624 (first received 16 November 2018). [17105403]
ChiCTR1900022697 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1900022697.Treatment of femoral neck fracture by axial compressing and lateral supporting screws: a randomized controlled trial. who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1900022697 (first received 23 April 2019). [16192420]
ISRCTN15606075 {published data only}
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ISRCTN28566489 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN28566489.An investigation in people aged 60 years and over with a hip fracture to determine whether fixing the broken hip bone or replacing the hip joint gives the patient a better quality of life after 4 months [World Hip Trauma Evaluation – FRUITI: fix or replace undisplaced intracapsular fractures trial of interventions]. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN28566489 (first recevied 10 May 2021).
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    1. NTR7509.Dynamic locking blade plate (DLBP) versus dynamic hip screw (DHS) for displaced femoral neck fractures in patients 65 years of age and younger. A multicentre randomized controlled trial. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR7509 (first received 25 August 2020).
NCT01109862 {published data only}
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NCT01578408 {published data only}
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NCT01787929 {published data only}
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NCT02699619 {published data only}
    1. Undisplaced femoral neck fractures 2 Hansson pins or 3 pins interlocked in plate (Pinloc) using RSA.Undisplaced femoral neck fractures treated with 2 Hansson pins without plate or 3 Hansson pins interlocked in a plate (Pinloc) - a randomized controlled trial using radiostereometry. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02699619 (first received 4 March 2016).
NCT02996383 {published data only}
    1. NCT02996383.Fixation versus arthroplasty for undisplaced intracapsular fractures. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02996383 (first received 19 December 2016).
NCT04075461 {published data only}
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NCT04462172 {published data only}
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UMIN000011303 {published data only}
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Wolf 2020a {published data only}
    1. NCT03909815.Do dual mobility cups prevent dislocation after total hip arthroplasty performed due to femoral neck fracture? A registry-based, pragmatic, randomized controlled trial comparing dual mobility with standard cups. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct03909815 (first received 10 April 2019).
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