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. 2022 Jan 30;12(3):493.
doi: 10.3390/nano12030493.

Plumeria alba-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Exhibits Antimicrobial Effect and Anti-Oncogenic Activity against Glioblastoma U118 MG Cancer Cell Line

Muthuraj Rudrappa  1 , Hassan Ahmed Rudayni  2 , Rasha Assad Assiri  3 , Asmatanzeem Bepari  3 , Dhanyakumara Shivapoojar Basavarajappa  1 , Shashiraj Kariyellappa Nagaraja  1 , Bidhayak Chakraborty  1 , Pallavi Sathyanarayana Swamy  1 , Shekappa Ningappa Agadi  1 , Shaik Kalimulla Niazi  4 , Sreenivasa Nayaka  1
Affiliations

Plumeria alba-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Exhibits Antimicrobial Effect and Anti-Oncogenic Activity against Glioblastoma U118 MG Cancer Cell Line

Muthuraj Rudrappa et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

Plumeria alba (P. alba) is a small laticiferous tree with promising medicinal properties. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is eco-friendly, cost-effective, and non-hazardous compared to chemical and physical synthesis methods. Current research aiming to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the leaf extract of P. alba (P- AgNPs) has described its physiochemical and pharmacological properties in recognition of its therapeutic potential as an anticancer and antimicrobial agent. These biogenic synthesized P-AgNPs were physiochemically characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and zeta potential analysis. Antimicrobial activity was investigated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata. Anticancer activity against glioblastoma U118 MG cancer lines was investigated using an MTT assay, and apoptosis activity was determined by flow cytometry. UV-visible spectroscopic analysis portrayed surface plasmon resonance at 403 nm of synthesized P-AgNPs, and FTIR suggested the presence of amines, alkanes, and phenol molecules that could be involved in reduction and capping processes during AgNPs formation. Synthesized particles were spherical in shape and poly-dispersed with an average particle size of 26.43 nm and a poly-dispersity index (PDI) of 0.25 with a zeta potential value of -24.6 mV, ensuring their stability. The lattice plane values confirm the crystalline nature as identified by XRD. These P-AgNPs exhibited potential antimicrobial activity against selected human pathogenic microbes. Additionally, the in vitro MTT assay results showed its effective anticancer activity against the glioma U118 MG cancer cell line with an IC50 value of 9.77 µg/mL AgNPs by initiating apoptosis as identified by a staining study with flow cytometric Annexin V-Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) and Propidium Iodide (PI). Thus, P. alba AgNPs can be recommended for further pharmacological and other biological research. To conclude, the current investigation developed an eco-friendly AgNPs synthesis using P. alba leaf extract with potential cytotoxic and antibacterial capacity, which can therefore be recommended as a new strategy to treat different human diseases.

Keywords: Apocynaceae; Plumeria alba; apoptosis; chemotherapeutics; cytotoxic; nano-antibiotics; nanotechnology.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Plumeria alba plant habitat.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Biosynthesis of P-AgNPs from leaf extract of P. alba: Mixture of aqueous Plumeria alba leaf extract and AgNO3 solution (A) before incubation and (B) after incubation.
Figure 3
Figure 3
UV–visible analysis of synthesized P-AgNPs from P. alba leaf extract.
Figure 4
Figure 4
FTIR analysis of synthesized P-AgNPs from P. alba leaf extract.
Figure 5
Figure 5
SEM with EDX analysis of synthesized P-AgNPs from P. alba leaf extract (A) SEM image showing surface morphology, (B) EDX spectrum indicating the presence of silver.
Figure 6
Figure 6
TEM Analysis of Synthesized P-AgNPs from P. alba leaf extract. (A) Polydispersed AgNPs, (B) Single spherical-shaped AgNP and (C) P-AgNPs’ histogram showing size distribution.
Figure 7
Figure 7
AFM analysis of synthesized P-AgNPs from P. alba leaf extract. (A) Two dimensional depiction, (B) size distribution, and (C) histogram.
Figure 8
Figure 8
XRD analysis of synthesized P-AgNPs from leaf extract of P. alba.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Zeta potential analysis of synthesized P-AgNPs from leaf extract of P. alba.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Antimicrobial activity of synthesized P-AgNPs against pathogenic microorganisms. Two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons was performed to identify differences between groups. p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.001 (****).
Figure 11
Figure 11
MTT assay of P-AgNPs from P. alba leaf extract against U118 MG cancer cell line. (A) Untreated cells, (B) Positive control, (C) 6.25 µg/mL, (D) 12.5 µg/mL, (E) 25 µg/mL, (F) 50 µg/mL, (G) 100 µg/mL.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Graphical representation of percentage cell viability of P. alba AgNPs on U118 MG cancer cell line.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Flow cytometric analysis of P. alba AgNPs against U118 MG cancer cell line. Quadrangular plot of Annexin V/PI expression on U118 MG cells (A) Untreated cells, (B) AgNP-treated cells. Cell cycle of U118 cell line (C) Untreated, (D) AgNP-treated. Scatter plot of forward scatter (FSC) against side scatter (SSC) (E) Untreated cells, (F) AgNP-treated cells.
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