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Meta-Analysis
. 2022 Jan 27;19(3):1469.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph19031469.

The Vocabulary of Infants with an Elevated Likelihood and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Infant Language Studies Using the CDI and MSEL

Zsofia Belteki  1 , Raquel Lumbreras  2 , Kloe Fico  3 , Ewa Haman  4 , Caroline Junge  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

The Vocabulary of Infants with an Elevated Likelihood and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Infant Language Studies Using the CDI and MSEL

Zsofia Belteki et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are typically accompanied by atypical language development, which can be noticeable even before diagnosis. The siblings of children diagnosed with ASD are at elevated likelihood for ASD diagnosis and have been shown to have higher prevalence rates than the general population. In this paper, we systematically reviewed studies looking at the vocabulary size and development of infants with autism. One inclusion criterion was that infants were grouped either pre-diagnostically as elevated or typical likelihood or post-diagnostically as ASD or without ASD. This review focused on studies that tested infants up to 24 months of age and that assessed vocabulary either via the parent-completed MacArthur-Bates Communicative Developmental Inventory (CDI) or the clinician-administered Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). Our systematic search yielded 76 studies. A meta-analysis was performed on these studies that compared the vocabulary scores of EL and TL infants pre-diagnostically and the scores of ASD and non-ASD infants post-diagnostically. Both pre- and post-diagnostically, it was found that the EL and ASD infants had smaller vocabularies than their TL and non-ASD peers, respectively. The effect sizes across studies were heterogenous, prompting additional moderator analyses of age and sub-group analyses of the language measure used (CDI or MSEL) as potential moderators of the effect size. Age was found to be a moderator both in the pre- and post-diagnostical groups, however, language measure was not a moderator in either diagnostic group. Interpretations and future research directions are discussed based on these findings.

Keywords: CDI; MSEL; autism; infancy; vocabulary.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA flow diagram of the systematic review [33].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Scatterplot of how age moderated the mean difference between EL and TL infants’ expressive vocabulary. No significant effect of moderator was observed.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Scatterplot of how age moderated the mean difference between EL and TL infants’ receptive vocabulary. A significant effect of moderator was observed.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Scatterplot of how age moderated the mean difference between ASD and non-ASD infants’ expressive vocabulary. A significant effect of moderator was observed.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Scatterplot of how age moderated the mean difference between ASD and non-ASD infants’ receptive vocabulary. No significant effect of moderator was observed.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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