Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2022 Jan 31;23(3):1649.
doi: 10.3390/ijms23031649.

Multiple Myeloma: Challenges Encountered and Future Options for Better Treatment

Srijit Das  1 , Norsham Juliana  2 , Noor Anisah Abu Yazit  2 , Sahar Azmani  2 , Izuddin Fahmy Abu  3
Affiliations
Review

Multiple Myeloma: Challenges Encountered and Future Options for Better Treatment

Srijit Das et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant hematological disease. The disease is characterized by the clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. MM accounts for 1.3% of all malignancies and has been increasing in incidence all over the world. Various genetic abnormalities, mutations, and translocation, including epigenetic modifications, are known to contribute to the disease's pathophysiology. The prognosis is good if detected early, or else the outcome is very bad if distant metastasis has already occurred. Conventional treatment with drugs poses a challenge when there is drug resistance. In the present review, we discuss multiple myeloma and its treatment, drug resistance, the molecular basis of epigenetic regulation, the role of natural products in epigenetic regulators, diet, physical activity, addiction, and environmental pollutants, which may be beneficial for clinicians and researchers.

Keywords: drug resistance; epigenetic; management; modifications; multiple myeloma.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic diagram showing etiology of multiple myeloma and the epigenetic machinery involved.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Palumbo A., Anderson K. Multiple Myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011;364:1046–1060. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1011442. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kyle R.A., Steensma D.P. History of Multiple Myeloma. In: Moehler T., Goldschmidt H., editors. Multiple Myeloma. Springer; Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: 2011. pp. 3–23.
    1. Van de Donk N.W.C.J., Pawlyn C., Yong K.L. Multiple myeloma. Lancet. 2021;397:410–427. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00135-5. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Becker N. Epidemiology of Multiple Myeloma. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2011;183:25–35. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-85772-3_2. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Laubach J.P. Multiple Myeloma: Clinical Features, Laboratory Manifestations, and Diagnosis. [(accessed on 19 December 2021)]. Available online: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/multiple-myeloma-clinical-features-lab....

MeSH terms

Substances