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. 2022 Jan 30;27(3):949.
doi: 10.3390/molecules27030949.

Neuraminidase Inhibitor of Garcinia atroviridis L. Fruits and Leaves Using Partial Purification and Molecular Characterization

Muchtaridi Muchtaridi  1   2 , Rina Fajri Nuwarda  2 , Emmy Hainida Khairul Ikram  3 , Aisyah Saad Abdul Rahim  4 , Amirah Mohd Gazzali  5 , Habibah A Wahab  5
Affiliations

Neuraminidase Inhibitor of Garcinia atroviridis L. Fruits and Leaves Using Partial Purification and Molecular Characterization

Muchtaridi Muchtaridi et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Neuraminidase (NA) is an enzyme that prevents virions from aggregating within the host cell and promotes cell-to-cell spread by cleaving glycosidic linkages to sialic acid. The best-known neuraminidase is the viral neuraminidase, which present in the influenza virus. Thus, the development of anti-influenza drugs that inhibit NA has emerged as an important and intriguing approach in the treatment of influenza. Garcinia atroviridis L. (GA) dried fruits (GAF) are used commercially as seasoning and in beverages. The main objective of this study was to identify a new potential neuraminidase inhibitor from GA. A bioassay-guided fractionation method was applied to obtain the bioactive compounds leading to the identification of garcinia acid and naringenin. In an enzyme inhibition study, garcinia acid demonstrated the highest activity when compared to naringenin. Garcinia acid had the highest activity, with an IC50 of 17.34-17.53 µg/mL or 91.22-92.21 µM against Clostridium perfringens-NA, and 56.71-57.85 µg/mL or 298.32-304.31 µM against H1N1-NA. Based on molecular docking results, garcinia acid interacted with the triad arginine residues (Arg118, Arg292, and Arg371) of the viral neuraminidase, implying that this compound has the potential to act as a NA enzyme inhibitor.

Keywords: Garcinia atroviridis; influenza virus; neuraminidase.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
NA inhibition activity of GAF extracts against (a) C. perfringens-NA, (b) H1N1-NA.
Figure 2
Figure 2
NA inhibition activity of GAF EtOAc fractions against (a) C. perfringens-NA, (b) H1N1-NA.
Figure 3
Figure 3
NA inhibition activity of GAF1 isolated compound from EtOAc fractions against C. perfringens-NA (blue) and H1N1-NA (purple).
Figure 4
Figure 4
NA inhibition activity of GAL extract against (a) C. perfringens-NA, (b) H1N1-NA.
Figure 5
Figure 5
NA inhibition activity of GAL EtOAc fractions against (a) C. perfringens-NA, (b) H1N1-NA.
Figure 6
Figure 6
NA inhibition activity of GAL1 and GAL2 isolated compound from EtOAc fractions against (a) C. perfringens-NA, (b) H1N1-NA.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Crystal form of GAF1 compound.
Figure 8
Figure 8
1H-13C long-range correlations in the 2D HMBC spectrum of GAF1.
Figure 9
Figure 9
1H-13C long-range correlations in the 2D HMBC spectrum of compound GAL1.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Binding interaction of (a) GAF1 (garcinia acid) and (b) GAL1 (naringenin) against H1N1-NA (PDB code: 3B7E). (Blue carbon: hydrophobic residue).
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