Racial-Ethnic Residential Clustering and Early COVID-19 Vaccine Allocations in Five Urban Texas Counties

Abstract

Previous research has indicated that racial-ethnic minority communities lack a wide variety of health-related organizations. We examine how this relates to the early COVID-19 vaccine rollout. In a series of spatial error and linear growth models, we analyze how racial-ethnic residential segregation is associated with the distribution of vaccine sites and vaccine doses across ZIP codes in the five largest urban counties in Texas. We find that Black and Latino clustered ZIP codes are less likely to have vaccine distribution sites and that this disparity is partially explained by the lack of hospitals and physicians' offices in these areas. Moreover, Black clustering is also negatively related to the number of allocated vaccine doses, and again, this is largely explained by the unequal distribution of health care resources. These results suggest that extant disparities in service provision are key to understanding racial-ethnic inequality in an acute crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords: COVID-19; health care; race-ethnicity; residential segregation; vaccines.

Figure 1.

Vaccine Distribution Sites over Racial-Ethnic Clustering Scores in Bexar County (San Antonio), Texas. Note: Data come from the Texas Department of State Health Services and the 2014–2018 American Community Survey.

Figure 2.

Vaccine Distribution Sites over Racial-Ethnic Clustering Scores in Dallas County (Dallas), Texas. Note: Data come from the Texas Department of State Health Services and the 2014–2018 American Community Survey.

Figure 3.

Vaccine Distribution Sites over Racial-Ethnic Clustering Scores in Harris County (Houston), Texas. Note: Data come from the Texas Department of State Health Services and the 2014–2018 American Community Survey.

Figure 4.

Vaccine Distribution Sites over Racial-Ethnic Clustering Scores in Tarrant County (Fort Worth), Texas. Note: Data come from the Texas Department of State Health Services and the 2014–2018 American Community Survey.

Figure 5.

Vaccine Distribution Sites over Racial-Ethnic Clustering Scores in Travis County (Austin), Texas. Note: Data come from the Texas Department of State Health Services and the 2014–2018 American Community Survey.