The High-cycle Fatigue Life of Cortical Bone Allografts Is Radiation Sterilization Dose-dependent: An In Vitro Study

Abstract

Background: Structural cortical bone allografts are a reasonable treatment option for patients with large cortical bone defects caused by trauma, tumors, or complications of arthroplasty. Although structural cortical bone allografts provide the benefit of an osteoconductive material, they are susceptible to fatigue failure (fracture) and carry a risk of disease transmission. Radiation-sterilization at the recommended dose of 25 kGy decreases the risk of disease transmission. However, previous studies demonstrated that radiation sterilization at this dose can negatively impact the high cycle-fatigue life of cortical bone. Although the effects of higher doses of radiation on cortical bone allografts are well described, the effects of lower doses of radiation on a high-cycle fatigue life of cortical bone are poorly understood.

Questions/purposes: (1) Does the cycle-fatigue life of human cortical allograft bone vary with gamma radiation dose levels of 0 (control), 10 kGy, 17.5 kGy, and 25 kGy? (2) What differences in Raman spectral biomarkers are observed following varying doses of gamma radiation exposure?

Methods: The high-cycle fatigue behavior of human cortical bone specimens was examined at different radiation sterilization doses under physiologic stress levels (35 MPa) and in a 37° C phosphate-buffered saline bath using a custom-designed rotating-bending fatigue device. Six human femora from three donors were obtained for this study (two male, 63 and 61 years old, respectively, and one female, 48 years old). Test specimens were allocated among four treatment groups (0 kGy [control], 10 kGy, 17.5 kGy, and 25 kGy) based on donor and anatomic location of harvest site (both length and cross-sectional quadrant of femoral diaphysis) to ensure equal variation (n = 13 per group). Specimens underwent high-cycle fatigue testing to failure. The number of cycles to failure was recorded. Raman spectroscopy (a noninvasive vibrational spectroscopy used to qualitatively assess bone quality) was used to detect whether any changes in Raman spectral biomarkers occurred after varying doses of gamma radiation exposure.

Results: There was a decrease in the log-transformed mean high-cycle fatigue life in specimens irradiated at 25 kGy (5.39 ± 0.32) compared with all other groups (0 kGy: 6.20 ± 0.50; 10k Gy: 6.35 ± 0.79; 17.5 kGy: 6.01 ± 0.53; p = 0.001). Specimens irradiated at 25 kGy were also more likely to exhibit a more brittle fracture surface pattern than specimens with more ductile fracture surface patterns irradiated at 0 kGy, 10 kGy, and 17.5 kGy (p = 0.04). The Raman biomarker for the ratio of the relative amount of disordered collagen to ordered collagen showed a decrease at the 10 kGy radiation level from 1.522 ± 0.025 preirradiation to 1.489 ± 0.024 postirradiation (p = 0.01); no other detectable changes in Raman biomarkers were observed.

Conclusion: The high-cycle fatigue life of cortical bone undergoes a nonlinear, dose-dependent decrease with an increase in gamma radiation sterilization in a clinically relevant dose range (0-25 kGy). Importantly, a notable drop-off in the high-cycle fatigue life of cortical bone appeared to occur between 17.5 kGy and 25 kGy, correlating to a sixfold decrease in mean cycles to failure. We speculate that the decrease in the Raman biomarker for disordered collagen at 10 kGy with no loss in high-cycle fatigue life may be caused by an increased amount of nonenzymatic crosslinking of the collagen backbone relative to collagen chain-scission (whereas the benefits of crosslinking may be outweighed by excess scission of the collagen backbone at higher radiation doses), but future studies will need to ascertain whether this in fact is the case.

Clinical relevance: Radiation sterilization at the industry standard of 25 kGy has a substantial negative impact on the high-cycle fatigue life of cortical bone. Given these findings, it is possible to provide a meaningful increase in the high-cycle fatigue life and improve the overall functional lifetime of cortical bone allografts by lowering the radiation-sterilization dose below 25 kGy. Future work on radiation-sterilization methods at these clinically relevant doses is warranted to aid in preserving the high cycle fatigue life of cortical bone allografts while maintaining sterility.

Fig. 1.

This flowchart depicts the general study overview; kGy = kilogrey.

Fig. 2.

This flowchart shows a more detailed study design.

Fig. 3.

We observed fracture-surface pattern morphology after high-cycle failure of specimens, using a light microscope. Specimens were placed into one of three groups based on gross fracture morphology: (A) cup and cone, (B) mixed, or (C) oblique. A color image accompanies the online version of this article.

Fig 4.

A-B The results of high-cycle fatigue testing of all four treatment groups are shown (no radiation, 10 kGy, 17.5 kGy, and 25 kGy) reported as (A) log cycles to failure and (B) absolute cycles to failure. Error bars represent the SD of each group. ^aSignificantly different. A color image accompanies the online version of this article.

Fig. 5.

A-C This graph shows Raman spectral biomarker changes because of radiation sterilization at 10 kGy, 17.5 kGy, and 25 kGy. Each point on the graph denotes a specific specimen at preirradiation and postirradiation, and the line depicts the change in the measured biomarker because of radiation. The Raman biomarkers evaluated were (A) collagen organization (1670/1640), (B) mineral maturity (1070/959), and (C) matrix mineralization (959/1670). The biomarker for collagen organization showed a decrease post radiation at a dose of 10 kGy. ^aSignificantly different.