Healthcare Costs Attributable to Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Indian Adults

Abstract

Introduction: In India, 38.7% of adults are exposed to SHS at home and 30.2% at work. This paper estimates the direct economic costs of diseases attributable to secondhand smoking (SHS) in India for persons aged 15 years and above.

Aims and methods: Nationally representative data on healthcare expenditures, healthcare utilization, and SHS prevalence were used to estimate economic costs attributable to SHS. A prevalence-based attributable risk approach was used for estimating the attributable direct costs. To estimate the SHS-attributable fraction, the excess utilization of healthcare among SHS exposed non-smokers compared to unexposed non-smokers was estimated using a method of propensity score matching (PSM).

Results: The annual direct economic costs attributable to SHS from all diseases in India in the year 2017 for persons aged more than 15 years amounted to INR 566.7 billion (USD 8.7 billion). This amounted to INR 705 per adult non-smoker. The SHS attributable costs were higher among the youngest age group 20 to 24, and women bear 71% of the direct medical costs attributable to SHS.

Conclusions: The annual direct economic costs of SHS amount to approximately 0.33% of India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), or 8.1% of total healthcare expenditures in India. It is also much larger than the total excise tax revenue from cigarettes and bidis. As bidi smoking is the most popular form of smoking in India and bidis are mostly consumed by the poor, a disproportionate burden of SHS is likely borne by poor households in India.

Implications: In India, 38.7% of adults are exposed to SHS at home and 30.2% at work. However, there is no estimate of the economic burden of any kind from SHS exposure in India. This study used a prevalence-based attributable risk approach combined with a PSM technique to estimate excess healthcare utilization for SHS exposed non-smokers and the annual direct economic costs of SHS in India. Annual direct SHS-attributable costs in India is INR 566.7 billion (USD 8.7 billion) SHS costs constituted 0.33% of GDP and 8.1% of healthcare expenditures in India.