Association Between Eating Habits and Perceived School Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study Among 46,455 Adolescents From 42 Countries

Abstract

Purpose: This study analyzed the association between selected self-reported eating habits and perceived school performance in adolescents by gender.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with data from a large representative sample of adolescents from 42 different countries. Participants answered questions about their weekly frequency of fruit, vegetable, sweets, and soft drink consumption, as well as the frequency of breakfast consumption and family meals. The adolescents subjectively rated their school performance compared to that of their classmates. Logistic regression models were adjusted for region, age, body mass index (z-score), socioeconomic status, physical activity, recreational screen time, and sleep difficulties.

Results: Among the 46,455 (53.5% female, mean age of 13.7 ± 1.6 years) adolescents studied, 20.6% of males and 25.5% of females reported high perceived school performance. In the results of the fully adjusted analyses, the higher the frequency of all healthy eating habits studied, the higher the perceived school performance in both males and females. Specifically, both males and females reporting a higher frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption, a lower frequency of sweets and soft drink consumption, more frequent breakfast consumption, and more frequent family meals (breakfast and dinner) were more likely to perceive their school performance as higher compared to their classmates. In addition, having breakfast regularly on weekends and the frequency of family dinner were associated with better school performance in both males and females.

Conclusions: In summary, this study provide cross-sectional evidence on the association between healthy eating habits and perceived school performance. Considering that school performance is an indicator of healthy development in adolescence, our findings reinforce and extend the evidence on the importance of healthy eating at this stage of life.

Keywords: academic achievement; adolescence; diet quality; epidemiology; healthy eating; international study; nutrition; youths.

Figure 1

Association between high perceived academic performance and fruit, vegetable, sweets, and soft drink consumption among adolescents. Odds ratios generated using logistic regression models adjusted by region, age, body mass index (z-score), socioeconomic status, physical activity, recreational screen time, and sleep difficulties.

Figure 2

Association between high perceived academic performance and breakfast consumption (on both weekdays and weekends) among adolescents. Odds ratios generated using logistic regression models adjusted by region, age, body mass index (z-score), socioeconomic status, physical activity, recreational screen time, and sleep difficulties.

Figure 3

Association between high perceived academic performance and frequency of family meals (breakfast and dinner) among adolescents. Odds ratios generated using logistic regression models adjusted by region, age, body mass index (z-score), socioeconomic status, physical activity, recreational screen time, and sleep difficulties.