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Review
. 2022 Apr;14(5):351-371.
doi: 10.2217/imt-2021-0168. Epub 2022 Feb 21.

A global picture: therapeutic perspectives for COVID-19

Vivek P Chavda  1   2 , Carron Kapadia  1 , Shailvi Soni  1 , Riddhi Prajapati  1 , Subhash C Chauhan  3   4 , Murali M Yallapu  3   4 , Vasso Apostolopoulos  5
Affiliations
Review

A global picture: therapeutic perspectives for COVID-19

Vivek P Chavda et al. Immunotherapy. 2022 Apr.

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic is a lethal virus outbreak by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has severely affected human lives and the global economy. The most vital part of the research and development of therapeutic agents is to design drug products to manage COVID-19 efficiently. Numerous attempts have been in place to determine the optimal drug dose and combination of drugs to treat the disease on a global scale. This article documents the information available on SARS-CoV-2 and its life cycle, which will aid in the development of the potential treatment options. A consolidated summary of several natural and repurposed drugs to manage COVID-19 is depicted with summary of current vaccine development. People with high age, comorbity and concomitant illnesses such as overweight, metabolic disorders, pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, renal failure, fatty liver and neoplastic disorders are more prone to create serious COVID-19 and its consequences. This article also presents an overview of post-COVID-19 complications in patients.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; drug discovery process; drug repurposing; drug target; pandemic; vaccines.

Plain language summary

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 causes the coronavirus disease i.e., COVID-19. This article encompasses basic information about coronavirus and COVID-19. It includes information about viral transmission and subsequent events for COVID-19 in a person, and it presents different drugs and vaccines utilized for the management of COVID-19. Several natural drugs are proposed to manage COVID-19. It also has an overview about post-COVID-19 complications in recovered patients.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. Different human variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.. Phylogenetic tree of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.
Created with Biorender.com.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.. Life cycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 in the human body.
Created with Biorender.com.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.. Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 in early and advanced stages.
Reused from [41] under CC BY 4.0 License.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.. Coronavirus life cycle and target sites of potential antiviral agents.
Reused with permission [44].
Figure 6.
Figure 6.. Approaches to drug repurposing.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.. Various phases of vaccine development.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

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