Mutagenic Activity of AID/APOBEC Deaminases in Antiviral Defense and Carcinogenesis

Abstract

Proteins of the AID/APOBEC family are capable of cytidine deamination in nucleic acids forming uracil. These enzymes are involved in mRNA editing, protection against viruses, the introduction of point mutations into DNA during somatic hypermutation, and antibody isotype switching. Since these deaminases, especially AID, are potent mutagens, their expression, activity, and specificity are regulated by several intracellular mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of impaired expression and activation of AID/APOBEC proteins in human tumors and their role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Also, the diagnostic and potential therapeutic value of increased expression of AID/APOBEC in different types of tumors is analyzed. We assume that in the case of solid tumors, increased expression of endogenous deaminases can serve as a marker of response to immunotherapy since multiple point mutations in host DNA could lead to amino acid substitutions in tumor proteins and thereby increase the frequency of neoepitopes.

Keywords: AID; APOBEC; RNA editing; genomic instability; mutagenesis; tumor.

Fig. 1.

Diagram of regulation of the mutagenic activity of cytidine deaminases using AID as an example. TLRs, Toll-like receptors; ILRs, interleukin receptors, BCR, B-cell receptor; UNG, uridine nucleotide glycosylase; MMR, miRNA–microRNA mismatch repair.