Therapeutic Potential of Selected Medicinal Plant Extracts against Multi-Drug Resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi

Abstract

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is Gram negative, rod shaped, facultative anaerobic bacterium, belongs to enterobacteriaceae family that causes typhoid fever in humans. This bacterium has become a super bug due to acquisition of multi drug resistance. Bacteria is transmitted through food and water contaminated with human feaces. Present study reports the screening of Adhatoda vasica, Amaranthus hybridus and Aloe barbadensis and their evaluation against multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Qualitative analysis of ten phytochemicals was conducted using chemical method and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Antibacterial activity of plants was carried out by agar well diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. Total tannins, total alkaloids and total flavonoids of different parts of three plants were estimated through spectrophotometer. Total tannins content in different parts of plants was present in the given order Amaranthus hybridus leaf > Aloe barbadensis leaf > Adhatoda vasica leaf > Adhatoda vasica flower > Adhatoda vasica stem. Whereas, the order of total flavonoid concentration was Amaranthus hybridus leaf > Aloe barbadensis leaf > Adhatoda vasica leaf > Amaranthus hybridus seed. Total alkaloids have order, Adhatoda vasica leaf > Amaranthus hybridus leaf > Adhatoda vasica flower > Amaranthus hybridus seed > Aloe barbadensis leaf. Results of phytochemical analysis suggested that plants have strong profile of antioxidants, total phenolic contents and various enzymes proposing them best alternate to cure bacterial infections. GC-MS analysis further confirmed stronger phytochemical profile that can be utilized as antagonists to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.

Keywords: Adhatoda vasica; Aloe barbadensis; Amaranthus hybridus; Phytochemical analysis.

Fig 1

(a) Alkaloids in leaf of Adhatoda vasica, (b) Carbohydrates in seeds of Amaranthus hybridus in ethyl-acetate, (c) Glycosides in leaf of Amaranthus hybridus, d) Saponin in leaf of Amaranthus hybridus in methanol, (e) Phytosterols in leaf of Adhatoda vasica in methanol, (f) Flavonoids in leaf extracts of Adhatoda vasica in ethyl-acetate, (g) Protein detection in leaf of Adhatoda vasica in methanol, (h) Diterpenes in leaf of Adhatoda vasica in methanol, (i) Saponin in leaf of Adhatoda vasica in chloroform, (j) Phenols in leaf of Amaranthus hybridus.

Fig. 2

Zone of inhibition in mm of (a) leaf of Aloe barbadensis in methanol, (b) leaf of Aloe barbadensis in ethyl-acetate, (c) Leaf of Adhatoda vasica in methanol, (d) Leaf of Amaranthus hybridus in chloroform, (e) Flower Adhatoda vasica in ethyl-acetate.