Risk factors for hand eczema in the general population of Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic: An internet-based cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background: Hand eczema (HE) is a common disorder that negatively impacts the quality of life. During the COVID-19 pandemic, several studies have shown an increase in HE in health care workers. However, data on the general population are lacking.

Objective: To assess the prevalence and risk factors of HE among the Saudi general population during the pandemic.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire composed of 4 sections (participant characteristics, history of atopic disorders, hand hygiene methods, and HE symptoms). It was distributed on Twitter during the lockdown period, between August 2020 and September 2020. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable analyses were conducted using STATA v16.

Results: A total of 582 (52.6% women and 47.4% men) participants responded to the questionnaire. The 6-month prevalence of HE was 34%. In multivariable analysis, having a past history of eczema, rhinitis/conjunctivitis, using soaps for >5 times daily, using gloves daily, and using moisturizers were significantly associated with HE. Interestingly, using sanitizers for >5 times daily was not a statistically significant risk factor.

Limitations: Due to its internet-based nature, the response rate cannot be accurately calculated. In addition, the response bias and the small sample size limit the generalizability of the results and prevent drawing broad conclusions and accurate measurement of prevalence.

Conclusion: HE prevalence increased during the pandemic in the Saudi general population. Frequent use of soaps and gloves, but not sanitizers, increased HE risk.

Keywords: CI, confidence interval; COVID-19; HE, hand eczema; OR, odds ratio; contact dermatitis; eczema; hand eczema; hand hygiene; skin barrier.

Graphical abstract