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. 2022 Apr;200(2):269-275.
doi: 10.1007/s00408-022-00514-5. Epub 2022 Feb 23.

Effects of Anesthesia on Ozone-Induced Lung and Systemic Inflammation

Miranda L Wilson  1   2 , Jarl A Thysell  1   3 , Kristen K Baumann  1 , Danny V Quaranta  1   3 , W Sandy Liang  1 , Michelle A Erickson  4   5
Affiliations

Effects of Anesthesia on Ozone-Induced Lung and Systemic Inflammation

Miranda L Wilson et al. Lung. 2022 Apr.

Abstract

Purpose: Anesthetics are required for procedures that deliver drugs/biologics, infectious/inflammatory agents, and toxicants directly to the lungs. However, the possible confounding effects of anesthesia on lung inflammation and injury are underreported. Here, we evaluated the effects of two commonly used anesthetic regimens on lung inflammatory responses to ozone in mice.

Methods: We tested the effects of brief isoflurane (Iso) or ketamine/xylazine/atipamezole (K/X/A) anesthesia prior to ozone exposure (4 h, 3 ppm) on lung inflammatory responses in mice. Anesthesia regimens modeled those used for non-surgical intratracheal instillations and were administered 1-2 h or 24 h prior to initiating ozone exposure.

Results: We found that Iso given 1-2 h prior to ozone inhibited inflammatory responses in the lung, and this effect was absent when Iso was given 23-24 h prior to ozone. In contrast, K/X/A given 1-2 h prior to ozone increased lung and systemic inflammation.

Conclusion: Our results highlight the need to comprehensively evaluate anesthesia as an experimental variable in the assessment of lung inflammation in response to ozone and other inflammatory stimuli.

Keywords: Atipamezole; Inflammation; Isoflurane; Ketamine; Ozone; Serum amyloid A; Xylazine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Schematic of anesthesia/ozone (O3) exposure protocols. A shows the exposure protocol for mice pre-exposed to isoflurane (Iso) or air control, and B shows the exposure protocol for mice pre-exposed to Ketamine/Xylazine (K/X) and atipamezole (A) or saline vehicle. Created with Biorender.com
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Effects of isoflurane (Iso) and ketamine/xylazine/atipamezole (K/X/A) on inflammatory (A–C) and vascular damage (D) markers in the lung, blood levels of serum amyloid A (SAA, E), and weight loss (F). In all panels, n = 6–20 per group. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, air vs. O3. ###p < 0.001, ##p < 0.01, #p < 0.05, vs. K/X/A + O3 group. &p < 0.05 vs. No Anesthesia + O3. Group mean comparisons were carried out using Tukey’s multiple comparisons test
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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