Black Pepper or Radish Seed Oils in a New Combination of Essential Oils Modulated Broiler Chickens' Performance and Expression of Digestive Enzymes, Lipogenesis, Immunity, and Autophagy-Related Genes

Abstract

Optimal combinations of essential oils (EOs) can enhance performance and maintain poultry productivity. The effects of EOs with black pepper oil (BPO) or radish seed oil (RSO) on performance and the expression of digestive enzymes, lipogenesis, immunity, and autophagy-related genes in broiler chickens were explored. Six dietary treatments for 300 one-day-old chicks were allocated as follows: controls were fed a basal diet, one group was fed an EO-supplemented diet (1.5 g/kg diet of parsley, mint, and carrot seed oils (1:1:1)), and other groups received Eos + BPO0.25, Eos + BPO0.5, Eos + RSO0.25, and Eos + RSO0.5 treatments, with a basal diet containing EOs plus BPO or RSO at the level of 0.25 or 0.5 g/kg, respectively. Supplementation with 0.5 g/kg of EOs plus BPO or RSO resulted in the most improved maximum BWG and FCR in broiler chickens. The lactobacilli population was increased in Eos + BPO0.5, followed by EOs + RSO0.5, unlike in the control. The highest expression of the CCK and PNLIP genes was identified in the Eos + BPO group. The FAS and ACC genes were upregulated, while the IgA and IL-10 genes were downregulated, with EOs plus RSO or BPO. The group that received Eos + BPO0.5, followed by Eos + RSO0.5, displayed patterns of higher expression for atg5, atg7, and atg12, with lower expression of mTOR. In summary, a new combination of EOs with 0.5 g/kg BPO had potential growth-promoting and immune-boosting effects in broiler chickens.

Keywords: autophagy; black pepper; chickens; digestibility; essential oils; lipogenesis; radish seed oil.

Figure 1

Effect of EOs with black pepper oil or radish seeds oil on mRNA expression of digestive enzymes related genes (pancreatic alpha 2A amylase (AMY2A, (A), pancreatic lipase (PNLIP, (B)), cholecystokinin (CCK, (C)) and chymotrypsin-like elastase family, member 1 (CELA1, (D)); ^abcd means within the same column carrying different superscripts are significantly different at (p < 0.05). EOs mixture of mint, parsley, and carrot oils. NC: feed basal diet without additives; EOs: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs; EOs + BPO0.25: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.25 g/kg black pepper oil (BPO); EOs + BPO0.5: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.25 g/kg black pepper oil (BPO); EOs + RSO0.25: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.25 g/kg radish seed oil (RSO); EOs + RSO0.5: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.5 g/kg radish seed oil (RSO).

Figure 2

Effect of EOs with black pepper oil or radish seeds oil on mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl–coA carboxylase (ACC); ^abcde means within the same column carrying different superscripts are significantly different at (p < 0.05). EOs mixture of mint, parsley, and carrot oils. NC: feed basal diet without additives; EOs: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs; EOs + BPO0.25: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.25 g/kg black pepper oil (BPO); EOs+BPO0.5: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.25 g/kg black pepper oil (BPO); EOs + RSO0.25: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.25 g/kg radish seed oil (RSO); EOs + RSO0.5: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.5 g/kg radish seed oil (RSO).

Figure 3

Effect of EOs with black pepper oil or radish seeds oil on mRNA expression of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) genes; ^abcd means within the same column carrying different superscripts are significantly different at (p < 0.05). EOs mixture of mint, parsley, and carrot oils. NC: feed basal diet without additives; EOs: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs; EOs + BPO0.25: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.25 g/kg black pepper oil (BPO); EOs + BPO0.5: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.25 g/kg black pepper oil (BPO); EOs + RSO0.25: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.25 g/kg radish seed oil (RSO); EOs + RSO0.5: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.5 g/kg radish seed oil (RSO).

Figure 4

Effect of EOs with black pepper oil or radish seeds oil on mRNA expression of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR, (A)) and autophagy-related genes (atg5, atg7, and atg12 shown in (B–D), respectively) genes; ^abcd means within the same column carrying different superscripts are significantly different at (p < 0.05). EOs mixture of mint, parsley, and carrot oils. NC: feed basal diet without additives; EOs: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs; EOs + BPO0.25: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.25 g/kg black pepper oil (BPO); EOs + BPO0.5: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.25 g/kg black pepper oil (BPO); EOs + RSO0.25: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.25 g/kg radish seed oil (RSO); EOs + RSO0.5: birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg EOs plus 0.5 g/kg radish seed oil (RSO).