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Review
. 2022 Jan 31;9(2):60.
doi: 10.3390/vetsci9020060.

The Translational Role of Animal Models for Estrogen-Related Functional Bladder Outlet Obstruction and Prostatic Inflammation

Affiliations
Review

The Translational Role of Animal Models for Estrogen-Related Functional Bladder Outlet Obstruction and Prostatic Inflammation

Risto Santti et al. Vet Sci. .

Abstract

The prevalence of LUTS and prostatic diseases increases with age both in humans and companion animals, suggesting that a common underlying cause of these conditions may be age-associated alterations in the balance of sex hormones. The symptoms are present with different and variable micturition dysfunctions and can be assigned to different clinical conditions including bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). LUTS may also be linked to chronic non-bacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), but the relationship between these conditions is unknown. This review summarizes the preclinical data that supports a role for excessive estrogen action in the development of obstructive voiding and nonbacterial prostatic inflammation. Preclinical studies that are emphasized in this review have unequivocally indicated that estrogens can induce functional and structural changes resembling those seen in human diseases. Recognizing excessive estrogen action as a possible hormonal basis for the effects observed at multiple sites in the LUT may inspire the development of innovative treatment options for human and animal patients with LUTS associated with functional BOO and CP/CPPS.

Keywords: animal models; bladder outlet obstruction; estradiol to testosterone ratio; lower urinary tract symptoms; prostatic inflammation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Imbalanced estrogen action causes both structural (e.g., prostatic inflammation) and functional (e.g., bladder outlet obstruction) dysfunction in the lower urinary tract as depicted in our several preclinical rodent studies [57,60,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Illustrations of human (A) and rat (B) prostates. Bladder (Bl), prostate (Pr), seminal vesicles (Sv).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Transverse section of a rat prostate and 3D model of a rat rhabdosphincter.

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