Entomopathogenic Fungi for Pests and Predators Control in Beekeeping

Abstract

The emergence of resistance to chemical drugs in beekeeping is becoming a phenomenon of widespread concern. One promising alternative to the use of chemicals is entomopathogenic organisms that are environmentally friendly and are capable of stopping the expression of resistance once it has evolved. In the recent past, the scientific community has carried out several experiments addressing the use of microbiological control agents. In particular, experimental studies using entomopathogenic fungi have had more success in honey bee research. With their adherence properties and their ability to digest the cuticle and overcome the host defense mechanism, they could be a suitable ingredient in bioacaricides. Several promising fungi have been identified in the search for effective means to control pest populations. The data obtained from the different experiments are interesting and often favorable to their use, but there are also conflicting results. The aim of this review is to describe the state of the art on the topic under investigation.

Keywords: Aethina tumida; Apis mellifera; Varroa destructor; Vespidae; biological control; entomopathogenic fungi; honey bee welfare and health.

Figure 1

Entomopathogenic infection cycle (method of action). In presence of a suitable substrate and a favorable environment, the adhesion of the spores (a) is followed by germination, the formation of hyphae and structures such as the conidia and the appressorium (b). Once penetrated inside the body cavity (haemocoel), the fungi cause a depletion of nutrients and a destruction of the tissues until the death of the host (c). The cycle is completed with emergence on the surface of the body for the propagation of the infectious elements in the external environment (d).