Synergistic Effect of Polyphenol-Rich Complex of Plant and Green Propolis Extracts with Antibiotics against Respiratory Infections Causing Bacteria

Abstract

Bacterial infections are a prevalent complication after primary viral respiratory infections and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Antibiotics are widely used against bacterial respiratory pathogens; however, the rise in antibiotic-resistant strains urges us to search for new antimicrobial compounds, including ones that act synergistically with antibiotics. In this study, the minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal bactericidal (MBC) concentrations of a polyphenol-rich complex of green propolis, Tabebuia avellanedae bark, and Olea europaea leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were determined, followed by an analysis of the synergistic effect with clarithromycin, azithromycin, and amoxiclav (875/125 mg amoxicillin/clavulanic acid). A combination of extracts showed activity against all three bacterial strains, with MIC values ranging from 0.78 to 12.5 mg/mL and MBC values from 1.56 to 12.5 mg/mL. The extracts showed synergistic activity with azithromycin and clarithromycin against S. aureus, with clarithromycin against K. pneumoniae, and with all three tested antibiotics against H. influenzae. Synergy with clarithromycin was additionally evaluated in a time-kill assay where the synergistic effects against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae were seen within the first 6 h of incubation. The results show the potential of polyphenol-rich extracts in enhancing the efficacy of antibiotic therapy and indicate their potential to be used in the management of respiratory infections.

Keywords: Olea europea leaf extract; Tabebuia avellanedae bark; green propolis; polyphenols; respiratory infections; synergy.

Figure 1

Time-kill curves show synergistic interaction between GoImmune Strong^® complex and clarithromycin (Clr) against K. pneumoniae. (A)—time-kill curves of GoImmune Strong^® complex at different concentrations. (B)—Time-kill curves of combination of GoImmune Strong^® complex and clarithromycin. Each time-curve experiment was performed in duplicate and diluted samples were plated in duplicate on agar plates. Error bars indicate standard deviations.

Figure 2

Time-kill curves show synergistic interaction between GoImmune Strong^® complex and clarithromycin (Clr) against S. aureus. (A)—time-kill curves of GoImmune Strong^® complex at different concentrations. (B)—Time-kill curves of combination of GoImmune Strong^® complex and clarithromycin. Each time-curve experiment was performed in duplicate and diluted samples were plated in duplicate on agar plates. Error bars indicate standard deviations.