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Review
. 2022 Feb 6;11(2):318.
doi: 10.3390/antiox11020318.

Bone Regeneration and Oxidative Stress: An Updated Overview

Adrian Emilian Bădilă  1   2 , Dragos Mihai Rădulescu  1   2 , Andrei Ilie  3 , Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu  4 , Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu  4   5   6 , Adrian Radu Rădulescu  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Bone Regeneration and Oxidative Stress: An Updated Overview

Adrian Emilian Bădilă et al. Antioxidants (Basel). .

Abstract

Bone tissue engineering is a complex domain that requires further investigation and benefits from data obtained over past decades. The models are increasing in complexity as they reveal new data from co-culturing and microfluidics applications. The in vitro models now focus on the 3D medium co-culturing of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes utilizing collagen for separation; this type of research allows for controlled medium and in-depth data analysis. Oxidative stress takes a toll on the domain, being beneficial as well as destructive. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are molecules that influence the differentiation of osteoclasts, but over time their increasing presence can affect patients and aid the appearance of diseases such as osteoporosis. Oxidative stress can be limited by using antioxidants such as vitamin K and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Scaffolds and biocompatible coatings such as hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass are required to isolate the implant, protect the zone from the metallic, ionic exchange, and enhance the bone regeneration by mimicking the composition and structure of the body, thus enhancing cell proliferation. The materials can be further functionalized with growth factors that create a better response and higher chances of success for clinical use. This review highlights the vast majority of newly obtained information regarding bone tissue engineering, such as new co-culturing models, implant coatings, scaffolds, biomolecules, and the techniques utilized to obtain them.

Keywords: BTE; ROS; bone formation; mesenchymal stem cells; osteoclasts; oxidative stress.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Advantages and disadvantages of vascularization strategies. Created based on information from [7].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Regulations occurring from VEGF signal. Created based on information from [36,37].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Representation of sources of MSCs and the differentiation in cell lines. Adapted from an open-access source [91].
Figure 4
Figure 4
The signaling pathway for osteoclasts differentiation (adapted from an open-access source) [148].
Figure 5
Figure 5
The fields involved in BTE.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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