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. 2022 Feb 17;11(2):409.
doi: 10.3390/antiox11020409.

Phenylpropanoid Glycoside and Phenolic Acid Profiles and Biological Activities of Biomass Extracts from Different Types of Verbena officinalis Microshoot Cultures and Soil-Grown Plant

Paweł Kubica  1 , Adam Kokotkiewicz  2 , Magdalena Anna Malinowska  3 , Alicja Synowiec  4 , Małgorzata Gniewosz  4 , Shah Hussain  5 , Muhammad Yaqoob  5 , Günther K Bonn  5 , Thomas Jakschitz  5 , Eman A Mahmoud  6 , Tarek K Zin El-Abedin  7 , Hosam O Elansary  8 , Maria Luczkiewicz  2 , Halina Ekiert  1 , Agnieszka Szopa  1
Affiliations

Phenylpropanoid Glycoside and Phenolic Acid Profiles and Biological Activities of Biomass Extracts from Different Types of Verbena officinalis Microshoot Cultures and Soil-Grown Plant

Paweł Kubica et al. Antioxidants (Basel). .

Abstract

Different types of microshoot cultures (agar, stationary liquid, agitated, and bioreactors) of Verbena officinalis were optimized for biomass growth and the production of phenylpropanoid glycosides and phenolic acids. Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the presence of verbascoside, isoverbascoside, leucoseptoside A/isomers, and cistanoside D/isomer was confirmed in the methanolic extracts obtained from all types of in vitro cultures. The compound's content was determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. The main metabolites in biomass extracts were verbascoside and isoverbascoside (maximum 4881.61 and 451.80 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)). In the soil-grown plant extract, verbascoside was also dominated (1728.97 mg/100 g DW). The content of phenolic acids in the analyzed extracts was below 24 mg/100 g DW. The highest radical scavenging activity was found in the biomass extract from agitated cultures, the most effective reducing power in agar culture extract, and the highest chelating activity in extract from bioreactor cultures. The extracts showed significantly stronger bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.3-2.2 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.6-9 mg/mL) than against Gram-negative bacteria (MIC 0.6-9 mg/mL, MBC of 0.6-18 mg/mL). The biomass extract from liquid stationary culture showed the strongest antibacterial activity, while the extract from soil-grown herb had the lowest.

Keywords: antibacterial properties; antioxidant activity; in vitro cultures; phenolic acids; phenylpropanoid glycosides; vervain.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Macroscopic appearance of experimental biomass in the investigated types of V. officinalis cultures; agar (Vo-A), stationary liquid (Vo-LS), agitated (Vo-LA), and bioreactor cultures (Vo-RITA).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Comparison of the Gi values of V. officinalis microshoots grown in the investigated types of V. officinalis cultures; agar (Vo-A), stationary liquid (Vo-LS), agitated (Vo-LA), and bioreactor cultures (Vo-RITA).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Free radical scavenging activity of extracts of V. officinalis in vitro cultures; agar (Vo-A), stationary liquid (Vo-LS), agitated (Vo-LA) and bioreactor cultures (Vo-RITA) and of plant material (Vo-in vivo). Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Reducing power of extracts of V. officinalis in vitro cultures; agar (Vo-A), stationary liquid (Vo-LS), agitated (Vo-LA) and bioreactor cultures (Vo-RITA) and of plant material (Vo-in vivo). Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Ferrous ion (Fe2+) chelating activity of extracts of V. officinalis in vitro cultures; agar (Vo-A), stationary liquid (Vo-LS), agitated (Vo-LA) and bioreactor cultures (Vo-RITA) and of plant material (Vo-in vivo). Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).
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