Modulation of Antioxidant Defense in Farmed Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed with a Diet Supplemented by the Waste Derived from the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

Abstract

Phytotherapy is based on the use of plants to prevent or treat human and animal diseases. Recently, the use of essential oils and polyphenol-enriched extracts is also rapidly increasing in the aquaculture sector as a means of greater industrial and environmental sustainability. Previous studies assessed the antibacterial and antiparasitic effects of these bioactive compounds on fish. However, studies on the modulation of oxidative stress biomarkers are still scant to date. Thus, in this study, the modulation of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress exerted by fish diets supplemented with a basil supercritical extract (F1-BEO) was assessed in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The F1-BEO extracted with supercritical fluid extraction was added to the commercial feed flour (0.5, 1, 2, 3% w/w) and mixed with fish oil to obtain a suitable compound for pellet preparation. Fish were fed for 30 days. The levels of stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glyoxalase I, glyoxalase II, lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione and malondialdehyde showed a boost in the antioxidant pathway in fish fed with a 0.5% F1-BEO-supplemented diet. Higher F1-BEO supplementation led to a failure of activity of several enzymes and the depletion of glutathione levels. Malondialdehyde concentration suggests a sufficient oxidative stress defense against lipid peroxidation in all experimental groups, except for a 3% F1-BEO-supplemented diet (liver 168.87 ± 38.79 nmol/mg prot; kidney 146.86 ± 23.28 nmol/mg prot), compared to control (liver 127.76 ± 18.15 nmol/mg prot; kidney 98.68 ± 15.65 nmol/mg prot). Our results suggest supplementing F1-BEO in fish diets up to 0.5% to avoid potential oxidative pressure in farmed trout.

Keywords: antioxidants; circular economy; enzymatic activity; gas chromatography; polyphenols; pro-oxidants; proanthocyanidins; volatile compounds.

Figure 1

Polyphenolic compounds identified in F1-BEO via HPLC-ESI-MS/MS.

Figure 2

Enzymatic activity of SOD (Panel (A,B)), CAT (Panel (C,D)) and GPx (Panel (E,F)) in livers (on left, Panel (A,C,E)) and kidneys (on the right, Panel (B,D,F)) of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fed with F1-BEO-supplemented diets (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% (w/w) supplementation) after 15 (T1) and 30 (T2) days. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences among experimental groups (p < 0.05) for each experimental endpoint.

Figure 3

Enzymatic activity of GST (Panel (A,B)) and GR (Panel (C,D)) in livers (on the left, Panel (A,C)) and kidneys (on the right, Panel (B,D)) of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fed with F1-BEO-supplemented diets (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% (w/w) supplementation) after 15 (T1) and 30 (T2) days. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences among experimental groups (p < 0.05) for each experimental endpoint.

Figure 4

Enzymatic activity of GI (Panel (A,B)), GII (Panel (C,D)), and LDH (Panel (E,F)) in livers (on the left, Panel (A,C,E)) and kidneys (on the right, Panel (B,D,F)) of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fed with F1-BEO-supplemented diets (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% (w/w) supplementation) after 15 (T1) and 30 (T2) days. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences among experimental groups (p < 0.05) for each experimental endpoint.

Figure 5

GSH + 2GSSG (Panel (A,B)) and MDA (Panel (C,D)) levels in livers (on the left, Panel (A,C)) and kidneys (on the right, Panel (B,D)) of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fed with F1-BEO-supplemented diets (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% (w/w) supplementation) after 15 (T1) and 30 (T2) days. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences among experimental groups (p < 0.05) for each experimental endpoint.