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Review
. 2022 Feb 14;13(2):298.
doi: 10.3390/mi13020298.

Recent Advances of Interface Exciplex in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

Jianhua Shao  1 , Cong Chen  1 , Wencheng Zhao  1 , Erdong Zhang  1 , Wenjie Ma  1 , Yuanping Sun  1 , Ping Chen  1   2 , Ren Sheng  1
Affiliations
Review

Recent Advances of Interface Exciplex in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

Jianhua Shao et al. Micromachines (Basel). .

Abstract

The interface exciplex system is a promising technology for reaching organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with low turn-on voltages, high efficiencies and long lifetimes due to its unique virtue of barrier-free charge transport, well-confined recombination region, and thermally activated delayed fluorescence characteristics. In this review, we firstly illustrate the mechanism frameworks and superiorities of the interface exciplex system. We then summarize the primary applications of interface exciplex systems fabricated by doping and doping-free technologies. The operation mechanisms of these OLEDs are emphasized briefly. In addition, various novel strategies for further improving the performances of interface exciplex-based devices are demonstrated. We believe this review will give a promising perspective and attract researchers to further develop this technology in the future.

Keywords: energy transfer; exciplex; high efficiency; organic light-emitting diodes; phosphorescent.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Diagram of interface exciplex emission. (b) The energy transfer diagram of OLED based on interface exciplex host.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Diagram of the TCTA and 3P-T2T molecular structures. (b) Diagram of the device structure with TCTA/3P-T2T exciplex emission [76].
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) The PL spectra of the TAPC, TmPyPB, and co-doped film. (b) The PL spectra of the TAPC/TmPyPB film [81].
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) Diagram of the molecular structures of PO-T2T, pCzPPQ, mCzPPQ, and m-MTDATA. (b) The sandwich structure of m-MTDATA/mCzPPQ or pCzPPQ/PO-T2T [86].
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) Diagram of the device structure with exciplex/electroplex system. (b) The EQE and PE of the three-color WOLED with Exciplex/electroplex system [92].
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Device structure of yellow OLED based on the UEML of PO−01. (b) Device structure of blue OLED based on the UEML of FIrPic. (c) Device structure of the tandem WOLED. (d) Diagram of molecular structures. (e) Schematic diagram of carrier transport in the yellow and blue monochrome OLEDs. (f) Schematic diagram of carrier transport in the tandem WOLED [93].
Figure 7
Figure 7
Energy transfer process in yellow and blue emission unit [93].
Figure 8
Figure 8
(a) Energy levels of materials used in fluorescent OLED. (b) The luminance−voltage−current density curves. (c) The efficiencies-luminance curves. (d) The EL spectra of OLEDs measured at 6 V [114].
Figure 9
Figure 9
Diagram of energy transfer process in fluorescent OLED [114].
Figure 10
Figure 10
Diagram of energy transfer mechanisms of device with TADF sensitizer [115].
Figure 11
Figure 11
Diagram of energy transfer process of ternary exciplexes.
Figure 12
Figure 12
(a) Diagram of energy levels of the materials used in single−emission−layer WOLED. (b) The current efficiency−luminance−power efficiency curves of WOLEDs [123].
Figure 13
Figure 13
Schematic diagram of the energy level of hybrid WOLED [124].
Figure 14
Figure 14
Diagram of energy transfer from CDBP/B4YPPM exciplex to orange-red emitter TXO-TPA [125].
Figure 15
Figure 15
(a) current density-voltage-luminance characteristics of the WOLEDs with thicknesses of CDBP of 2.5, 3.5, 4.0, and 5.0 nm, corresponding to curves 1, 2, 3, and 4. (b) The current efficiency-luminance-power efficiency characteristics. (c) The EQE-luminance characteristics. (d) The EL spectra of the device with 3.5 nm-thick CDBP [125].
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