Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Food Proteins

Abstract

Recently, the demand for food proteins in the market has increased due to a rise in degenerative illnesses that are associated with the excessive production of free radicals and the unwanted side effects of various drugs, for which researchers have suggested diets rich in bioactive compounds. Some of the functional compounds present in foods are antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides, which are used to produce foods that promote health and to reduce the consumption of antibiotics. These peptides have been obtained from various sources of proteins, such as foods and agri-food by-products, via enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation. Peptides with antioxidant properties exert effective metal ion (Fe²⁺/Cu²⁺) chelating activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition, which may lead to notably beneficial effects in promoting human health and food processing. Antimicrobial peptides are small oligo-peptides generally containing from 10 to 100 amino acids, with a net positive charge and an amphipathic structure; they are the most important components of the antibacterial defense of organisms at almost all levels of life-bacteria, fungi, plants, amphibians, insects, birds and mammals-and have been suggested as natural compounds that neutralize the toxicity of reactive oxygen species generated by antibiotics and the stress generated by various exogenous sources. This review discusses what antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides are, their source, production, some bioinformatics tools used for their obtainment, emerging technologies, and health benefits.

Keywords: antimicrobial capacity; antioxidant capacity; bioactive peptides; proteins.

Figure 1

Diagram of the bioactive peptide production process [68,69,70].

Figure 2

Schematic representation of the chemical and physical mechanisms of antioxidant peptides, used to inhibit oxidative processes: (1) chelators of metals, (2) radical inhibitors, and (3) physical shielding [194].

Figure 3

Diagram of protein digestion and transepithelial transport of peptides until they reach circulation [245].