Prevalence of chronic kidney disease stages 3-5 in low- and middle-income countries in Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- PMID: 35213610
- PMCID: PMC8880400
- DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264393
Prevalence of chronic kidney disease stages 3-5 in low- and middle-income countries in Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although CKD prevalence has been rapidly increasing in LMICs, particularly in Asia, quantitative studies on the current epidemiology of CKD in this region are limited. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of CKD stages 3-5 in LMICs in Asia, by subregion, country economy classification, identification of CKD, traditional and non-traditional risk factors. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was conducted through a literature search of seven electronic databases and grey literature search published until November 2021. The Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale (NOS) was used to assess the risk of bias of each study. A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled prevalence. The protocol is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO CRD42019120519). Of 4,548 potentially relevant records, 110 studies with moderate and high quality were included with 4,760,147 subjects. The average prevalence (95% CI) of CKD stages 3-5 in 14 LMICs in Asia was 11.2% (9.3-13.2%). The prevalence of CKD stages 3-5 was varied among subregions and country economic classification. CKD prevalence was 8.6% (7.2-10.2%) in east Asia, 12.0% (7.7-17.0%) in south-east Asia, 13.1% (8.7-18.2%) in western Asia, and 13.5% (9.5-18.0%) in south Asia. CKD prevalence was 9.8% (8.3-11.5%) in upper-middle-income countries and 13.8% (9.9-18.3%) in lower-middle-income countries. Prevalence of CKD stage 3-5 in LMICs in Asia is comparable to global prevalence. High level of heterogeneity was observed. Study of factors and interventions that lead to the delay of CKD progression is needed.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Figures





Similar articles
-
The Etiology of Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in Southeast Asia: A Meta-analysis.J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2024 Sep;14(3):740-764. doi: 10.1007/s44197-024-00209-5. Epub 2024 Apr 8. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2024. PMID: 38587764 Free PMC article.
-
Prevalence, incidence and associated mortality of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease in low- and middle-income countries: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ Open. 2017 Aug 28;7(8):e016412. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016412. BMJ Open. 2017. PMID: 28851783 Free PMC article.
-
Representation of Low- and Middle-Income Countries in CKD Drug Trials: A Systematic Review.Am J Kidney Dis. 2025 Jan;85(1):55-66.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2024.06.012. Epub 2024 Aug 6. Am J Kidney Dis. 2025. PMID: 39117096
-
Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Asia: a systematic review and analysis.BMJ Glob Health. 2022 Jan;7(1):e007525. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007525. BMJ Glob Health. 2022. PMID: 35078812 Free PMC article.
-
Burden of chronic kidney disease in the general population and high-risk groups in South Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS One. 2021 Oct 14;16(10):e0258494. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258494. eCollection 2021. PLoS One. 2021. PMID: 34648578 Free PMC article.
Cited by
-
Predictors of Mortality among End-Stage Renal Disease Patients with COVID-19 Admitted in a Philippine Tertiary Government Hospital: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Acta Med Philipp. 2024 Dec 13;58(22):44-51. doi: 10.47895/amp.vi0.8374. eCollection 2024. Acta Med Philipp. 2024. PMID: 39817110 Free PMC article.
-
Association Between Renal Dysfunction and Lipid Ratios in Rural Black South Africans.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025 Feb 21;22(3):324. doi: 10.3390/ijerph22030324. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025. PMID: 40238327 Free PMC article.
-
Comparison of BTP, NGAL, KIM-1, & ADMA biomarkers in CKD and non-CKD subjects.Int J Biochem Mol Biol. 2023 Jun 15;14(3):32-39. eCollection 2023. Int J Biochem Mol Biol. 2023. PMID: 37456909 Free PMC article.
-
Nonlinear Associations Between Kidney Function Markers and Body Mass Index Among Women of Reproductive Age in Bangladesh.Cureus. 2025 May 19;17(5):e84385. doi: 10.7759/cureus.84385. eCollection 2025 May. Cureus. 2025. PMID: 40535386 Free PMC article.
-
Sheffield One-Stop Service: A potential model to improve the screening uptake of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and other microvascular complications of diabetes.J Diabetes Investig. 2024 Oct;15(10):1355-1362. doi: 10.1111/jdi.14268. Epub 2024 Jul 22. J Diabetes Investig. 2024. PMID: 39037334 Free PMC article. Review.
References
Publication types
MeSH terms
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Medical