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. 2022 Feb 15;12(4):646.
doi: 10.3390/nano12040646.

Influence of Parameters on the Death Pathway of Gastric Cells Induced by Gold Nanosphere Mediated Phototherapy

Jing Xin  1 , Lei Fu  1 , Jing Wang  1 , Sijia Wang  1 , Luwei Zhang  1 , Zhenxi Zhang  1 , Cuiping Yao  1
Affiliations

Influence of Parameters on the Death Pathway of Gastric Cells Induced by Gold Nanosphere Mediated Phototherapy

Jing Xin et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

Gold nanosphere (AuS) is a nanosized particle with inert, biocompatible, easily modified surface functionalization and adequate cell penetration ability. Photothermal, photochemical, and vapor effects of AuS could be activated by irradiating with nanosecond laser to cause cell death. Hence, AuS-mediated phototherapy irradiated with nanosecond laser is a promising and minimally-invasive treatment method for cancer therapy. However, various effects require different parameters to be activated. At present, few studies have reported on the influence of parameters of AuS inducing cell death under nanosecond laser irradiation. This makes it very challenging to optimize gold-nanoparticle-mediated specific or synergistic anti-cancer therapy. In this study, we revealed the main parameters and threshold values for AuS-mediated gastric cancer phototherapy with nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation, evaluated the pathway of induced cell death, and discussed the roles of photothermal, photochemical and vapor effects which can induce the cell death. The results showed that AuS-mediated phototherapy activated with nanosecond pulsed laser is an effective method for gastric therapy, mainly based on the photochemical effect. Prolonging the incubation time could decrease the irradiation dose, increase ROS-mediated photothermal effect and vapor effect, and then quickly induce cell death to improve security.

Keywords: gold nanosphere-mediated phototherapy; nanosecond laser; photochemical effect; photothermal effect; vapor effect.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The effect of PEG-coated gold nanospheres (PEG-AuS) for phototherapy under nanosecond pulsed laser radiation.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Synthesis and properties of AuS and PEG-AuS. Notes: (A) UV-vis absorption spectra of AuS and PEG-AuS. (B,E) Transmission electron microscopy images of AuS and PEG-AuS. (C,F) Hydrodynamic size distribution of AuS and PEG-AuS. (D) Zeta potential of AuS and PEG-AuS.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The dark cytotoxicity of PEG-AuS. Notes: (A) The cytotoxicity of PEG-AuS on SGC-7901 cells. (B) The cytotoxicity of PEG-AuS on GES-1 cells. *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The Trypan blue staining of SGC-7901 cells and GES-1 cells after treated with PEG-AuS irradiated with different irradiation dose.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The anti-growth effect of PEG-AuS on SGC-7901 cells (A) and GES-1 cells (B) after treated with PEG-AuS with different conditions by CCK-8 assay. *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Apoptosis and necrosis induced by PEG-AuS irradiated with nanosecond laser.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The transmission electron microscopy images of PEG-AuS on SGC-7901 and GES-1 cells after treatment with PEG-AuS for 4 h or 6 h.
Figure 8
Figure 8
The changed temperature induced by PEG-AuS measured by thermal imaging system.
Figure 9
Figure 9
SOG and ROS production induced by PEG-AuS at different concentration and different incubation time (4 h or 6 h) and irradiated with nanosecond pulsed laser with different irradiation dose (11.47 mJ/cm2 and 22.93 mJ/cm2).
Figure 10
Figure 10
The fluence threshold measurement of pulsed laser induced vapor bubble mediated by PEG-AuS. Notes: (A) The schematic diagram of the experimental setup for vapor bubble measurement. (B) Side-scattering image of vapor bubble captured by camera (top) and the time response of intensity of the forward probe beam for vapor bubble (bottom). (C) The probability of vapor bubble detected by side-scattering imaging and forward light scattering detection. (D) The probability of vapor bubble formation of PEG-AuS and AuS cluster measured by side-scattering imaging technique.
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