Green Nanotechnology: Plant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis and Application

Abstract

The key pathways for synthesizing nanoparticles are physical and chemical, usually expensive and possibly hazardous to the environment. In the recent past, the evaluation of green chemistry or biological techniques for synthesizing metal nanoparticles from plant extracts has drawn the attention of many researchers. The literature on the green production of nanoparticles using various metals (i.e., gold, silver, zinc, titanium and palladium) and plant extracts is discussed in this study. The generalized mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis involves reduction, stabilization, nucleation, aggregation and capping, followed by characterization. During biosynthesis, major difficulties often faced in maintaining the structure, size and yield of particles can be solved by monitoring the development parameters such as temperature, pH and reaction period. To establish a widely accepted approach, researchers must first explore the actual process underlying the plant-assisted synthesis of a metal nanoparticle and its action on others. The green synthesis of NPs is gaining attention owing to its facilitation of the development of alternative, sustainable, safer, less toxic and environment-friendly approaches. Thus, green nanotechnology using plant extract opens up new possibilities for the synthesis of novel nanoparticles with the desirable characteristics required for developing biosensors, biomedicine, cosmetics and nano-biotechnology, and in electrochemical, catalytic, antibacterial, electronics, sensing and other applications.

Keywords: biosynthesis; eco-friendly; green chemistry; nanoparticle; plant extract; sustainable application.

Figure 1

Different types of nanotechnologies.

Figure 2

Different methods of nanoparticle synthesis.

Figure 3

The schematic diagram for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) via a green route using plant extract.

Figure 4

Mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis using phytoextracts.

Figure 5

Factors affecting plant-assisted synthesis of nanoparticles.

Figure 6

An overview diagram shows synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) produced via the green route for various biological applications. The different sizes, shapes and surface bio-functionalized NPs are developed in a controlled way for the target application.