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Review
. 2022 Feb 20;11(2):275.
doi: 10.3390/pathogens11020275.

SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Disease Mitigation: Treatment Options, Vaccinations and Variants

Almu'atasim Khamees  1 , Jamal Bani-Issa  1 , Mazhar Salim Al Zoubi  2 , Taqwa Qasem  2 , Manal Issam AbuAlArjah  2 , Sura Ahmad Alawadin  3 , Khayry Al-Shami  1 , Farah E Hussein  1 , Emad Hussein  4   5 , Ibrahim H Bashayreh  6 , Murtaza M Tambuwala  7 , Mohannad Al-Saghir  8 , Christopher T Cornelison  9
Affiliations
Review

SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Disease Mitigation: Treatment Options, Vaccinations and Variants

Almu'atasim Khamees et al. Pathogens. .

Abstract

COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which was declared as a pandemic after it emerged in China 2019. A vast international effort has been conducted to prevent and treat COVID-19 due to its high transmissibility and severe morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in individuals with chronic co-morbidities. In addition, polymorphic variants increased the need for proper vaccination to overcome the infectivity of new variants that are emerging across the globe. Many treatment options have been proposed and more than 25 vaccines are in various stages of development; however, the infection peaks are oscillating periodically, which raises a significant question about the effectiveness of the prevention measures and the persistence of this pandemic disease. In this review, we are exploring the most recent knowledge and advances in the treatment and vaccination options as well as the new emerging variants of 2019-nCoV and the possible mitigation of one of the most aggressive pandemics in the last centuries.

Keywords: 2019-nCoV; COVID-19; pandemic; vaccines; variants.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The mechanisms of action of chloroquine against coronaviruses. (Created with BioRender.com, accessed on 10 January 2022).
Figure 2
Figure 2
The mechanisms of action of Remdesivir against coronaviruses. (Created with BioRender.com, accessed on 10 January 2022).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The mechanisms of action of Favipiravir against coronaviruses. (Created with BioRender.com, accessed on 10 January 2022).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The mechanisms of action of lopinavir against coronaviruses. (Created with BioRender.com, accessed on 10 January 2022).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Common SARS-CoV-2 variants up to May 2021. (Created with BioRender.com, accessed on 10 January 2022).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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