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. 2022 Feb 14;14(4):735.
doi: 10.3390/polym14040735.

Antimicrobial Activity of Cellulose Based Materials

Nicoleta Sorina Nemeş  1 , Cristina Ardean  2 , Corneliu Mircea Davidescu  1 , Adina Negrea  2 , Mihaela Ciopec  2 , Narcis Duţeanu  2 , Petru Negrea  2 , Cristina Paul  2 , Daniel Duda-Seiman  3 , Delia Muntean  4
Affiliations

Antimicrobial Activity of Cellulose Based Materials

Nicoleta Sorina Nemeş et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

Biomaterials available for a wide range of applications are generally polysaccharides. They may have inherent antimicrobial activity in the case of chitosan. However, in order to have specific functionalities, bioactive compounds must be immobilized or incorporated into the polymer matrix, as in the case of cellulose. We studied materials obtained by functionalizing cellulose with quaternary ammonium salts: dodecyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide (DDTMABr), tetradecyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide (TDTMABr), hexadecyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride (HDTMACl), some phosphonium salts: dodecyl-triphenyl phosphonium bromide (DDTPPBr) and tri n-butyl-hexadecyl phosphonium bromide (HDTBPBr) and extractants containing sulphur: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) and thiourea (THIO). Cel-TDTMABr material, whose alkyl substituent chain conformation was shortest, showed the best antimicrobial activity for which, even at the lowest functionalization ratio, 1:0.012 (w:w), the microbial inhibition rate is 100% for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Among the materials obtained by phosphonium salt functionalization, Cel-DDTPPBr showed a significant bactericidal effect compared to Cel-HDTBPBr. For instance, to the same functionalization ratio = 1:0.1, the inhibition microbial growth rate is maximum in the case of Cel-DDTPPBr for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. At the same time, for the Cel-HDTBPBr material, the total bactericidal effect is not reached even at the functionalization ratio 1:0.5. This behavior is based on the hydrophobicity difference between the two extractants, DDTPPBr and HDTBPBr. Cel-MBT material has a maximum antimicrobial effect upon Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans at functionalized ratio = 1:0.5. Cel-THIO material showed a bacteriostatic and fungistatic effect, the inhibition of microbial growth being a maximum of 76% for Staphylococcus aureus at the functionalized ratio = 1:0.5. From this perspective, biomaterials obtained by SIR impregnation of cellulose can be considered a benefit to be used to obtain biomass-derived materials having superior antimicrobial properties versus the non-functional support.

Keywords: antimicrobial activities; cellulose; cellulose derivatives; functionalized materials.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scanning electron microscopy, SEM. (a). Cellulose (Cel); (b). Cel-DDTMABr; (c). Cel-TDTMABr; (d). Cel-HDTMACl; (e). Cel-DDTPPBr; (f). Cel-HDTBPBr; (g). Cel-MBT; (h). Cel-THIO.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Scanning electron microscopy, SEM. (a). Cellulose (Cel); (b). Cel-DDTMABr; (c). Cel-TDTMABr; (d). Cel-HDTMACl; (e). Cel-DDTPPBr; (f). Cel-HDTBPBr; (g). Cel-MBT; (h). Cel-THIO.
Figure 2
Figure 2
X-ray energy dispersion spectra recorded for pure cellulose and for prepared materials. (a). Cellulose (Cel); (b). Cel-DDTMABr; (c). Cel-TDTMABr; (d). Cel-HDTMACl; (e). Cel-DDTPPBr; (f). Cel-HDTBPBr; (g). Cel-MBT; (h). Cel-THIO.
Figure 2
Figure 2
X-ray energy dispersion spectra recorded for pure cellulose and for prepared materials. (a). Cellulose (Cel); (b). Cel-DDTMABr; (c). Cel-TDTMABr; (d). Cel-HDTMACl; (e). Cel-DDTPPBr; (f). Cel-HDTBPBr; (g). Cel-MBT; (h). Cel-THIO.
Figure 2
Figure 2
X-ray energy dispersion spectra recorded for pure cellulose and for prepared materials. (a). Cellulose (Cel); (b). Cel-DDTMABr; (c). Cel-TDTMABr; (d). Cel-HDTMACl; (e). Cel-DDTPPBr; (f). Cel-HDTBPBr; (g). Cel-MBT; (h). Cel-THIO.
Figure 3
Figure 3
FT-IR spectra recorded for cellulose and for produced materials. (a) Cellulose (Cel); (b) Cel-DDTMABr; (c) Cel-TDTMABr; (d) Cel-HDTMACl; (e) Cel-DDTPPBr; (f) Cel-HDTBPBr; (g) Cel-MBT; (h) Cel-THIO.
Figure 3
Figure 3
FT-IR spectra recorded for cellulose and for produced materials. (a) Cellulose (Cel); (b) Cel-DDTMABr; (c) Cel-TDTMABr; (d) Cel-HDTMACl; (e) Cel-DDTPPBr; (f) Cel-HDTBPBr; (g) Cel-MBT; (h) Cel-THIO.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Comparison of the control sample (M0)—cellulose (M1)—cellulose:extractant (quaternary ammonium salts).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Comparison of the control sample (M0)—cellulose (M1)—cellulose:extractant (quaternary phosphonium salts).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Comparison of the control sample (M0)—cellulose (M1)—cellulose:extractant (compounds containing sulfur).
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