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Review
. 2022 Jan 24;14(2):228.
doi: 10.3390/v14020228.

Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines

Mohamed S Abdel-Bakky  1   2 , Elham Amin  3   4 , Mohamed G Ewees  5 , Nesreen I Mahmoud  5 , Hamdoon A Mohammed  4   6 , Waleed M Altowayan  7 , Ahmed A H Abdellatif  8   9
Affiliations
Review

Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines

Mohamed S Abdel-Bakky et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, is currently developing into a rapidly disseminating and an overwhelming worldwide pandemic. In severe COVID-19 cases, hypercoagulability and inflammation are two crucial complications responsible for poor prognosis and mortality. In addition, coagulation system activation and inflammation overlap and produce life-threatening complications, including coagulopathy and cytokine storm, which are associated with overproduction of cytokines and activation of the immune system; they might be a lead cause of organ damage. However, patients with severe COVID-19 who received anticoagulant therapy had lower mortality, especially with elevated D-dimer or fibrin degradation products (FDP). In this regard, the discovery of natural products with anticoagulant potential may help mitigate the numerous side effects of the available synthetic drugs. This review sheds light on blood coagulation and its impact on the complication associated with COVID-19. Furthermore, the sources of natural anticoagulants, the role of nanoparticle formulation in this outbreak, and the prevalence of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) after COVID-19 vaccines are also reviewed. These combined data provide many research ideas related to the possibility of using these anticoagulant agents as a treatment to relieve acute symptoms of COVID-19 infection.

Keywords: COVID-19; COVID-19 vaccines; hypercoagulability; nanoparticles; natural anticoagulants; targeting.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic diagram representing the different coagulation system mechanisms and possible types of coating nanoparticles for targeting ang I and II receptors. DIC, disseminated intravascular co-agulation; Fxa, activated factor x; PT, prothrombin time; TF, tissue factor; Hydroxychloroquine—HCQ; Macrophage migration inhibitory factor—MIF; Fibrin degradation products—FDP; Von Willebrand factor—Vwf; Mammalian target of rapamycin—mTOR; plasminogen activator inhibitor—PAI.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic diagram representing the different formulated nanoparticles coated with anticoagulant for targeting ang I and II receptors.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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