Increasing Use of PET-CT, Neoadjuvant Treatment, Minimally Invasive Approach and Surgical Radicality in Esophageal Cancer Surgery are Associated with Improved Short- and Long-term Outcomes in Real-World Setting

Abstract

Background: Guideline adherence has improved outcomes in several cancers. Our aim was to evaluate whether the rate of PET-CT, neoadjuvant treatment, minimally invasive approach, and surgical radicality, suggested also by recent guidelines, would improve short- and long-term operative outcomes in esophageal cancer in real-world setting.

Methods: This retrospective study in two Finnish Hospitals between 2010 and 2020 included 296 esophageal cancer patients. Grouping factors based on four factors with annual cut-offs by center were 90% rate in PET-CT-based staging, 70% in neoadjuvant therapy usage, 80% in minimally invasive approach, and 20 in annual mean lymph node yield. If none of factors were reached, all patients operated in that year were classified into group 1. With one to three cut-offs reached, grouping was into group 2. If all annual cut-offs were reached, patients were classified into group 3. Primary end points were major complication rate and overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival.

Results: Major complication rate decreased significantly from 38.2% in group 1 (p < 0.001) and 34.2% in group 2 (p < 0.001) to 10.2% in group 3. Overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates between groups 1-3 were 77.9% vs. 80.3% vs. 94.2% (p = 0.004), 51.5% vs. 51.1% vs. 67.3% (p = 0.022), and 44.1% vs. 47.4% vs. 55.5% (p = 0.065), respectively. Adjusted 5-year overall mortality was reduced significantly in group 3 compared to group 1 (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.28-0.75).

Conclusion: This study suggests that increasing rate of PET-CT, neoadjuvant treatment, minimally invasive surgery, and surgical radicality improves short- and long-term outcomes in operated esophageal cancer patients.

Keywords: Esophageal cancer; Guideline; Lymph node yield; Minimally invasive surgery; Neoadjuvant therapy.