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. 2022 Feb 18:2022:5975228.
doi: 10.1155/2022/5975228. eCollection 2022.

Polymethyl Methacrylate-Based Smart Microfluidic Point-of-Care Testing of Prothrombin Time and International Normalized Ratio through Optical Detection

Enas W Abdulhay  1 , Ruba E Khnouf  1 , Yahia M Karain  1 , Taqwa K Al Omari  1 , Nourshan M Ebeid  1 , Tamara H Al Muhtaseb  1 , N Arunkumar  2 , M Thilagaraj  3 , Gustavo Ramirez-Gonzalez  4
Affiliations

Polymethyl Methacrylate-Based Smart Microfluidic Point-of-Care Testing of Prothrombin Time and International Normalized Ratio through Optical Detection

Enas W Abdulhay et al. Comput Math Methods Med. .

Retraction in

Abstract

The mechanical heart valve is a crucial solution for many patients. However, it cannot function on the state of blood as human tissue valves. Thus, people with mechanical valves are put under anticoagulant therapy. A good measurement of the state of blood and how long it takes blood to form clots is the prothrombin time (PT); moreover, it is an indicator of how well the anticoagulant therapy is, and of whether the response of the patient to the drug is as needed. For a more specific standardized measurement of coagulation time, an international normalized ratio (INR) is established. Clinical testing of INR and PT is relatively easy. However, it requires the patient to visit the clinic for evaluation purposes. Many techniques are therefore being developed to provide PT and INR self-testing devices. Unfortunately, those solutions are either inaccurate, complex, or expensive. The present work approaches the design of an anticoagulation self-monitoring device that is easy to use, accurate, and relatively inexpensive. Hence, a two-channel polymethyl methacrylate-based microfluidic point-of-care (POC) smart device has been developed. The Arduino based lab-on-a-chip device applies optical properties to a small amount of blood. The achieved accuracy is 96.7%.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Final chip design.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Fabrication process steps. (a) AutoCAD dimensions. (b) CNC milling machine. (c) Drilling process. (d) Ultrasonic bath. (e) The chip and its cover. (f) Spin coater. (g) Hydraulic press. (h) Fabricated chip.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Main structures. (a) Optical system. (b) Heating circuit. (c) Consistency program. (d) Arduino microprocessor.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Block diagram of the overall system.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Correlation between INR measured by the implemented device and in the laboratory.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Correlation between INR measured by the implemented device and in the laboratory (reflection method).
Figure 7
Figure 7
The optimum design of heating circuit (presented via Proteus8).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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