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Review
. 2022 Mar;106(2):269-283.
doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2021.11.004. Epub 2022 Feb 2.

Evaluation and Management of Secondary Hypertension

Harini Sarathy  1 , Liann Abu Salman  2 , Christopher Lee  3 , Jordana B Cohen  4
Affiliations
Review

Evaluation and Management of Secondary Hypertension

Harini Sarathy et al. Med Clin North Am. 2022 Mar.

Abstract

Hypertension is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality globally. Many patients with hypertension have secondary causes of hypertension that merit further evaluation. For example, secondary hypertension can result in target organ damage to the heart, kidneys, and brain independent of the effects of blood pressure. Several causes benefit from targeted therapies to supplement first-line antihypertensive agents. However, secondary hypertension is often underrecognized. The goal of this review is to highlight optimal approaches to the diagnosis and management of common causes of secondary hypertension, including primary aldosteronism, renovascular hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, and drug-induced hypertension.

Keywords: Blood pressure; Hypertension; Obstructive sleep apnea; Primary aldosteronism; Renal artery stenosis; Resistant hypertension; Secondary hypertension.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure All authors report no relevant disclosures. Dr J.B. Cohen is supported by the National Institutes of HealthNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteK23-HL133843 and R01-HL153646, National Center for Advancing Translational SciencesU01-TR003734, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesR01-DK123104and U24-DK060990 and American Heart Association Bugher Award.

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