Amplitude discrimination is predictably affected by echo frequency filtering in wideband echolocating bats

Abstract

Big brown bats echolocate using wideband frequency-modulated (FM) ultrasonic pulses, perceiving target range from echo delay and target size from echo amplitude. Echolocation pulses contain two prominent down-sweeping harmonics (FM1, ∼55-22 kHz; FM2, ∼100-55 kHz), which are affected differently by propagation to the target and back to the bat. Previous work demonstrates that big brown bats utilize the low frequencies in FM1 for target ranging, while FM2 only contributes if FM1 is also present. The present experiments test the hypothesis that the bat's ability to discriminate echo amplitude is also affected by selectively attenuating FM1 or FM2 in target or nontarget echoes. Bats were trained to perform an amplitude discrimination task with virtual echo targets located 83 cm away. Echo delay was fixed and echo amplitude was varied, while either FM1 or FM2 was attenuated by highpass or lowpass filtering. Bats' performance decreased when lower frequencies were attenuated in target echoes and when higher frequencies were attenuated in nontarget echoes. Performance was reversed in the opposite filtering conditions. The bat's ability to distinguish between virtual targets varying in amplitude at the same simulated range indicates a high level of focused attention for perceptual isolation of target from non-target echoes.