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. 2022 Mar 1;22(1):157.
doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-03779-5.

Metacognitions and brooding predict depressive symptoms in a community adolescent sample

Helene Pedersen  1 , Ingrid Grønnæss  1 , Mons Bendixen  1 , Roger Hagen  1   2   3 , Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair  4
Affiliations

Metacognitions and brooding predict depressive symptoms in a community adolescent sample

Helene Pedersen et al. BMC Psychiatry. .

Abstract

Depressive symptoms are prevalent in adolescence, and girls have higher levels of depressive symptoms and depressive disorder than boys. Rumination and especially brooding, seem to be a central maintaining factor of depressive symptoms, where metacognitions about rumination play a prominent role in maintaining depressive rumination. There is a sex difference in adults in depressive disorder. The current investigation of a high school / community sample of adolescents aged 16-20 from Norway (N = 1198, 62.2% women) found that adolescent women had higher scores than men on all relevant measures: Depressive symptoms, negative and positive metacognitions, pondering, and brooding. A path model for predicting depressive symptoms showed that the major factors for both sexes were negative metacognitions and brooding. The predictors of depressive symptoms were invariant across sex and age groups, suggesting similar underlying mechanisms across these groups. The overall findings suggest that metacognitive therapy may be an efficient intervention for depressive symptoms among adolescents.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The tested model for men and women and across age groups. Bold lines indicate stronger predicted associations. All associations are predicted to be positive
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Standardized path coefficients for predictors of depressive symptoms. ***p < .001. Coefficients are presented as men / women
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