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. 2022 Feb 15:10:848014.
doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.848014. eCollection 2022.

Molecular Structural, Hydrogen Bonding Interactions, and Chemical Reactivity Studies of Ezetimibe-L-Proline Cocrystal Using Spectroscopic and Quantum Chemical Approach

Preeti Prajapati  1 , Jaya Pandey  1 , Poonam Tandon  1 , Kirti Sinha  1 , Manishkumar R Shimpi  2   3
Affiliations

Molecular Structural, Hydrogen Bonding Interactions, and Chemical Reactivity Studies of Ezetimibe-L-Proline Cocrystal Using Spectroscopic and Quantum Chemical Approach

Preeti Prajapati et al. Front Chem. .

Abstract

Ezetimibe (EZT) being an anticholesterol drug is frequently used for the reduction of elevated blood cholesterol levels. With the purpose of improving the physicochemical properties of EZT, in the present study, cocrystals of ezetimibe with L-proline have been studied. Theoretical geometry optimization of EZT-L-proline cocrystal, energies, and structure-activity relationship was carried out at the DFT level of theory using B3LYP functional complemented by 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. To better understand the role of hydrogen bonding, two different models (EZT + L-proline and EZT + 2L-proline) of EZT-L-proline cocrystal were studied. Spectral techniques (FTIR and FT-Raman) combined with quantum chemical methodologies were successfully implemented for the detailed vibrational assignment of fundamental modes. It is a zwitterionic cocrystal hydrogen bonded with the OH group of EZT and the COO- group of L-proline. The existence and strength of hydrogen bonds were examined by a natural bond orbital analysis (NBO) supported by the quantum theory of atoms in molecule (QTAIM). Chemical reactivity was reflected by the HOMO-LUMO analysis. A smaller energy gap in the cocrystal in comparison to API shows that a cocrystal is softer and chemically more reactive. MEPS and Fukui functions revealed the reactive sites of cocrystals. The calculated binding energy of the cocrystal from counterpoise method was -11.44 kcal/mol (EZT + L-proline) and -26.19 kcal/mol (EZT + 2L-proline). The comparative study between EZT-L-proline and EZT suggest that cocrystals can be better used as an alternative to comprehend the effect of hydrogen bonding in biomolecules and enhance the pharmacological properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).

Keywords: density functional theory calculations; ezetimibe-L-proline; hydrogen bonds; pharmaceutical cocrystal; quantum chemical calculations; vibrational spectroscopy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Optimized structure of EZT + L-proline.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Optimized structure of EZT + 2L-proline.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Experimental FTIR spectra of EZT-L-proline, EZT, and L-proline with calculated IR spectra of the cocrystal (EZT + L-proline and EZT + 2L-proline) in the regions 400–1,000, 1,000–2,000, and 2,200–4,000 cm−1.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Experimental FT-Raman spectra of EZT-l-proline, EZT, and L-proline with calculated Raman spectra of the cocrystal (EZT + L-proline and EZT + 2L-proline) in the regions 400–1,000, 1,000–2,000, and 2,200–4,000 cm−1.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
(A) Molecular graph of the EZT + L-proline cocrystal. Bond critical points (small red spheres), ring critical points (small yellow sphere), and bond paths (pink lines) were calculated using B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p). (B) Molecular graph of the EZT + 2L-proline cocrystal. Bond critical points (small red spheres), ring critical points (small yellow sphere), and bond paths (pink lines) were calculated using B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p).
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
(A) Molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEPS) of EZT + L-proline formed by mapping total density over electrostatic potential in the gas phase. (B) Molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEP) of EZT + 2L-proline formed by mapping total density over electrostatic potential in the gas phase.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
HOMO–LUMO plot of the EZT-L-proline cocrystal with orbitals involved in electronic transitions: (A) EZT + L-proline and (B) EZT + 2L-proline.
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