Use of Cotton Balls in Diapers for Collection of Urine Samples Impacts the Analysis of Routine Chemistry Tests: An Evaluation of Cotton Balls, Diapers, and Chemistry Analyzers

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the suitability of urine samples collected with cotton balls placed into diapers for routine laboratory chemistry analyses.

Study design: Twenty pools of residual unpreserved urine samples were separated into control and treated aliquots. The treated samples were absorbed into 2 different brands of cotton balls, wrapped in 3 different brands of diapers, and incubated at 37°C for 1 hour. The urine-soaked cotton balls were placed into a syringe and expressed via plunger depression. Urine sodium, potassium, creatinine, urea, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus, albumin, and total protein were measured on all samples on 5 automated clinical chemistry platforms: Ortho Vitros 4600, Siemens Dimension Vista 500, Beckman Coulter AU5822, Roche Cobas 6000, and Abbott Architect c8000 at 5 separate hospital laboratories. Criteria used to exclude the presence of significant effects of urine from presoaked cotton balls in a diaper on the measurement of chemistry laboratory tests were R² >0.95, slope of 0.9-1.1, and mean bias within ±10%.

Results: Albumin and total protein measurements demonstrated significant negative bias in urine from both brands of presoaked cotton balls with all brands of diapers on all 5 chemistry platforms compared with the control urine. We did not observe a significant effect of presoaking urine in cotton balls in a diaper on the measurement of sodium, inorganic phosphorus, and urea. The remaining tests demonstrated significant effects when measured in urine from presoaked cotton balls and/or diapers that were specific to the chemistry analyzer platform or diaper.

Conclusions: Diaper and cotton ball-based urine collection significantly impacts the measurement of several common chemistry assays.

Keywords: chemistry; cotton ball; diaper; laboratory testing; pediatrics; urine collection.