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. 2022 Feb 16;9(3):ofab543.
doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab543. eCollection 2022 Mar.

Sex Differences in Susceptibility to Coccidioidomycosis

Ian McHardy  1   2   3 , Krystle L Reagan  4 , Jamie F Sebastian  4 , Bridget Barker  5 , Derek J Bays  2   6 , Satya Dandekar  2   3 , Stuart H Cohen  2   3   6 , Kathleen E Jennings  7 , Jane Sykes  2   5 , George R Thompson 3rd  2   3   6
Affiliations

Sex Differences in Susceptibility to Coccidioidomycosis

Ian McHardy et al. Open Forum Infect Dis. .

Abstract

To assess sex-specific differences in coccidioidomycosis, a retrospective analysis of human patients, nonhuman primates, and veterinary patients (including the neutered status of the animal) was performed. We found higher rates of infection and severity in males. This observed increased infection risk suggests deeper biological underpinnings than solely occupational/exposure risks.

Keywords: coccidioidomycosis; gender; neutered; risk factor; sex; veterinary.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
A, Human observations: incidence of coccidioidomycosis by age and gender. B, Odds ratios for coccidioidomycosis acquisition in human males compared with females. C, coccidioidal complement fixation titers by gender (human). Disease incidence and average maximum titers are similar across genders until early adulthood. A, Incidence of disease between age 0 and age 90. B, Odds ratios for infection among males. Numbers >1 indicate increased risk of males relative to females. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence CIs. C, Maximum serum complement fixation titers plotted by age of disease onset for males and females.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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