Sex and Gender Science: The World Writes on the Body

doi:10.1007/7854_2022_304

. 2023:62:3-25.

doi: 10.1007/7854_2022_304.

Sex and Gender Science: The World Writes on the Body

Alana Brown¹, Laurice Karkaby^#², Mateja Perovic^#², Reema Shafi^#², Gillian Einstein^{2

3

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. alana.brown@mail.utoronto.ca.
² Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
³ Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, North York, ON, Canada.
⁴ Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 35253110
DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_304

Sex and Gender Science: The World Writes on the Body

Alana Brown et al. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2023.

. 2023:62:3-25.

doi: 10.1007/7854_2022_304.

Authors

Alana Brown¹, Laurice Karkaby^#², Mateja Perovic^#², Reema Shafi^#², Gillian Einstein^{2

3

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. alana.brown@mail.utoronto.ca.
² Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
³ Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, North York, ON, Canada.
⁴ Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 35253110
DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_304

Abstract

Sex and Gender Science seeks to better acknowledge that the body cannot be removed from the world it inhabits. We believe that to best answer any neuroscience question, the biological and the social need to be addressed through both objective means to learn, "how it is like" and subjective means to learn, "what it is like." We call bringing the biological and social together, "Situated Neuroscience" and the mixing of approaches to do so, Very Mixed Methods. Taken together, they constitute an approach to Sex and Gender Science. In this chapter, we describe neural phenomena for which considering sex and gender together produces a fuller knowledge base: sleep, pain, memory, and concussion. For these brain phenomena examples, studying only quantitative measures does not reveal the full impact of these lived experiences on the brain but studying only the qualitative would not reveal how the brain responds. We discuss how Sex and Gender Science allows us to begin to bring together biology and its social context and acknowledge where context can contribute to resolving ignorance to offer more expansive, complementary, and interrelating pictures of an intricate neuro-landscape.

Keywords: Gender; Qualitative; Quantitative; Research methods; Science; Sex; Very mixed methods.

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[1] Abdalla RD (2006) My grandmother called it the three feminine sorrows: the struggle of women against female circumcision in Somalia. In: Female circumcision: multicultural perspectives. University of Pennsylvania Press, pp 187–204 - DOI

[2] Abdalla RD (2006) My grandmother called it the three feminine sorrows: the struggle of women against female circumcision in Somalia. In: Female circumcision: multicultural perspectives. University of Pennsylvania Press, pp 187–204 - DOI

[3] Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH (2011) The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 7:270–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008 - DOI - PubMed - PMC

[4] Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH (2011) The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 7:270–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008 - DOI - PubMed - PMC

[5] Alzheimer’s Association (2019) 2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 15:321–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.01.010 - DOI

[6] Alzheimer’s Association (2019) 2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 15:321–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.01.010 - DOI

[7] Au B, Dale-McGrath S, Tierney MC (2017) Sex differences in the prevalence and incidence of mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 35:176–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.005 - DOI - PubMed

[8] Au B, Dale-McGrath S, Tierney MC (2017) Sex differences in the prevalence and incidence of mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 35:176–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.005 - DOI - PubMed

[9] Barroso J, Sandelowski M (2001) In the field with the Beck depression inventory. Qual Health Res 11:491–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973201129119271 - DOI - PubMed

[10] Barroso J, Sandelowski M (2001) In the field with the Beck depression inventory. Qual Health Res 11:491–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973201129119271 - DOI - PubMed

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Sex and Gender Science: The World Writes on the Body

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Sex and Gender Science: The World Writes on the Body

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