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. 2022 Mar 7;8(1):38.
doi: 10.1186/s40798-022-00416-z.

Biomechanical and Musculoskeletal Measurements as Risk Factors for Running-Related Injury in Non-elite Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies

Benjamin Peterson  1   2 , Fiona Hawke  3 , Martin Spink  3 , Sean Sadler  3 , Morgan Hawes  3 , Robin Callister  4 , Vivienne Chuter  3   5
Affiliations

Biomechanical and Musculoskeletal Measurements as Risk Factors for Running-Related Injury in Non-elite Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies

Benjamin Peterson et al. Sports Med Open. .

Abstract

Background: Running-related injury (RRI) is highly prevalent among recreational runners and is a key barrier to participation. Atypical lower limb alignment and mechanical function have been proposed to play a role in development of lower extremity injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between incidence of running-related injury (RRI) in non-elite runners with biomechanical and musculoskeletal variables.

Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Published research indexed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, AMED, and The Cochrane library until 13th January 2021, grey literature, and reference lists of included studies were screened to identify prospective studies of non-elite adult runners that measured a relationship between biomechanical or musculoskeletal measures and incidence of RRI.

Results: Thirty studies (3404 runners), testing over 100 discrete biomechanical and musculoskeletal risk factors for RRI, were included. Nineteen studies were pooled in twenty-five separate meta-analyses. Meta-analysis of four studies detected significantly less knee extension strength among runners who developed a RRI (SMD - 0.19, 95% CI - 0.36 to - 0.02, p = 0.03), though this may not be clinically important. A meta-analysis of two studies detected significantly lower hip adduction velocity among runners who developed a RRI (MD - 12.80, 95% CI - 25.22 to - 0.38, p = 0.04). Remaining meta-analyses found no significant relationship between biomechanical or musculoskeletal variables and RRI.

Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis found the currently available literature does not generally support biomechanical or musculoskeletal measures as risk factors for RRI in non-elite runners. While meta-analysis findings for knee extension strength and hip adduction velocity as risk factors for RRI were statistically significant, the associated trivial to small effects sizes suggest these findings should be treated with caution. Until further evidence emerges, recommendations for injury prevention in non-elite runners cannot be made based on biomechanical and musculoskeletal measurements alone.

Keywords: Biomechanics; Meta-analysis; Risk factor; Running-related injury; Screening; Systematic review.

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Conflict of interest statement

Five of the authors (Benjamin Peterson, Martin Spink, Fiona Hawke, Robin Callister, Vivienne Chuter) of this review are authors of the ongoing study ‘Peterson (2020)’ [53] and provided additional data for re-analysis in this review. Sean Sadler and Morgan Hawes declare that they have no potential competing interests relevant to the content of this review.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Prisma flow diagram
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Forest plots for muscle strength measures as risk factors for RRI
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Forest plots for muscle strength measures as risk factors for RRI
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Forest plots for joint range of motion measures as risk factors for RRI
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Forest plots for running kinematic measures as risk factors for RRI
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Forest plots for running kinetic measures as risk factors for RRI
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Forest plots for measures of alignment as risk factors for RRI
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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