Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2022 Mar 2:15:735-746.
doi: 10.2147/IDR.S345574. eCollection 2022.

Clinical Perspective of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria

Ying Zhu  1   2 , Wei E Huang  3 , Qiwen Yang  1
Affiliations
Review

Clinical Perspective of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria

Ying Zhu et al. Infect Drug Resist. .

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global clinical problem in recent years. With the discovery of antibiotics, infections were not a deadly problem for clinicians as they used to be. However, worldwide AMR comes with the overuse/misuse of antibiotics and the spread of resistance is deteriorated by a multitude of mobile genetic elements and relevant resistant genes. This review provides an overview of the current situation, mechanism, epidemiology, detection methods and clinical treatment for antimicrobial resistant genes in clinical important bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP), extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, acquired AmpC β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE), multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance mechanisms; antimicrobial resistant; detection methods; epidemiology; genes.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

We have no conflict of interest.

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268–281. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x - DOI - PubMed
    1. O’neill J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally; 2016.
    1. Partridge SR, Kwong SM, Firth N, Jensen SO. Mobile genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018;31(4):UNSPe00088–17. doi:10.1128/cmr.00088-17 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Heuer H, Schmitt H, Smalla K. Antibiotic resistance gene spread due to manure application on agricultural fields. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2011;14(3):236–243. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2011.04.009 - DOI - PubMed
    1. von Wintersdorff CJH, Penders J, van Niekerk JM, et al. Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in microbial ecosystems through horizontal gene transfer. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:173. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00173. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources