Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Halide Materials for Photovoltaics towards Their Commercialization

Abstract

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (HOIP) photovoltaics have emerged as a promising new technology for the next generation of photovoltaics since their first development 10 years ago, and show a high-power conversion efficiency (PCE) of about 29.3%. The power-conversion efficiency of these perovskite photovoltaics depends on the base materials used in their development, and methylammonium lead iodide is generally used as the main component. Perovskite materials have been further explored to increase their efficiency, as they are cheaper and easier to fabricate than silicon photovoltaics, which will lead to better commercialization. Even with these advantages, perovskite photovoltaics have a few drawbacks, such as their stability when in contact with heat and humidity, which pales in comparison to the 25-year stability of silicon, even with improvements are made when exploring new materials. To expand the benefits and address the drawbacks of perovskite photovoltaics, perovskite-silicon tandem photovoltaics have been suggested as a solution in the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics. This tandem photovoltaic results in an increased PCE value by presenting a better total absorption wavelength for both perovskite and silicon photovoltaics. In this work, we summarized the advances in HOIP photovoltaics in the contact of new material developments, enhanced device fabrication, and innovative approaches to the commercialization of large-scale devices.

Keywords: commercialization; hybrid perovskite; photovoltaics; power conversion efficiency; tandem structure.

Figure 2

Different solution processing-based method for perovskite PV fabrication: (a) spin-coating [88], (b) drop-casting [88]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [88]. Copyright 2017 Journal of Materiomics. (c) Spray-coating, (d) doctor blade, and (e) slot-die coating [89]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [89]. Copyright 2019 Advanced Materials. (f) Ink-jet printing [90]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [90]. Copyright 2016 Hal.

Figure 1

Common materials used in perovskite PVs: (a) crystal structure of MAPbI₃, MAPbBr₃, FAPbI₃, FAPbBr₃ [52]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [52]. Copyright 2016 Advanced Science. (b) Hole transport layer (HTL) from Spiro−MeOTAD [53]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [53]. Copyright 2017 Advanced Materials Interfaces. (c) HTL from TaTm [50]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [50]. Copyright 2020 Frontiers in Chemistry. (d) Electron transport layer (ETL) from C60 [54]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [54]. Copyright 2019 Scientific Reports.

Figure 3

Type of vapor-based fabrication method: (a) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [91]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [91]. Copyright 2015 Scientific Reports. (b) Physical vapor deposition (PVD) [95]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [95]. Copyright 2016 Scientific Reports.

Figure 4

XRD characterization of Cs_xM compounds. XRD spectra of perovskite with addition of Cs Cs_x(MA_0.17FA_0.83)_(1−x)Pb(I_0.83Br_0.17)₃, abbreviated as Cs_xM, where M stands for “mixed perovskite”. Cs_xM with x = 0, 5, 10, 15%. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [67]. Copyright 2016 Energy and Environmental Science.

Figure 5

SEM images and J-V curve of the fabricated devices by using: (a,c) blow-dry and (b,d) spin-coating methods [117]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [117]. Copyright 2017 Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells.

Figure 6

SEM images of the perovskite PV fabricated: (a) without and (b) with (5 vol%) methanol [125]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [125]. Copyright 2019 Electrochimica Acta.

Figure 7

Schematic diagram of (a) 2-T and (b) 4-T tandem perovskite.

Figure 8

(a) Schematic of perovskite–silicon tandem homojunction photovoltaic with downshifting AR PDMS layer. From Ref. [149]. Copyright 2019 ACS Energy Letters. (b) Schematic of monolithic (FAPbI₃)_0.83(MAPbBr₃)_0.17 perovskite/rear-textured-homo-junction-silicon tandem photovoltaics. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [148]. Copyright 2018 ACS Energy Letters.

Figure 9

Cross-sectional schematics with the photographs of perovskite solar cells encapsulated by three different methods [188]. From Ref. [188]. Copyright 2017 ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces.

Figure 10

Scheme of the progress of perovskite tandem PVs.