Nucleic Acid-Based Nanobiosensor (NAB) Used for Salmonella Detection in Foods: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Salmonella bacteria is a foodborne pathogen found mainly in food products causing severe symptoms in the individual, such as diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps after consuming the infected food, which can be fatal in some severe cases. Rapid and selective methods to detect Salmonella bacteria can prevent outbreaks when ingesting contaminated food. Nanobiosensors are a highly sensitive, simple, faster, and lower cost method for the rapid detection of Salmonella, an alternative to conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. This study systematically searched and analyzed literature data related to nucleic acid-based nanobiosensors (NABs) with nanomaterials to detect Salmonella in food, retrieved from three databases, published between 2010 and 2021. We extracted data and critically analyzed the effect of nanomaterial functionalized with aptamer or DNA at the limit of detection (LOD). Among the nanomaterials, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were the most used nanomaterial in studies due to their unique optical properties of the metal, followed by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of Fe₃O₄, copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), and also hybrid nanomaterials multiwalled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNT/AuNP), QD/UCNP-MB (quantum dotes upconverting nanoparticle of magnetic beads), and cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs@MNPs) showed excellent LOD values. The transducers used for detection also varied from electrochemical, fluorescent, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), RAMAN spectroscopy, and mainly colorimetric due to the possibility of visualizing the detection result with the naked eye. Furthermore, we show the magnetic separation system capable of detecting the target amplification of the genetic material. Finally, we present perspectives, future research, and opportunities to use point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices as a faster and lower cost approach for detecting Salmonella in food as they prove to be viable for resource-constrained environments such as field-based or economically limited conditions.

Keywords: aptamer; bacteria detection; biosensor; magnetic system; nanomaterials.

Figure 1

Published articles in the database Web of Science to detect Salmonella in foods in the years 2010–2022 as of February 3.

Figure 2

PRISMA flow chart showing the results of the systematic search for the period 2010 and 2022.

Figure 3

Different nanomaterials that have been used in nanobiosensors for pathogen detection.

Figure 4

Schematic diagram of (A) functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with aptamer or complementary DNA (cDNA). (B) Illustration of the detection of Salmonella ssp. target with magnetic separation system.

Figure 5

Schematic illustration of (A) synthesis of streptavidin magnetic nanoparticles and carboxyl CdTe QDs for detection Salmonella. (B) Detection of S. Typhimurium using prepared magnetic nanoparticles and CdTe QDs. Reprinted with permission from Ren et al. [40]. Copyright 2019, PLoS ONE.

Figure 6

Schematic illustration of Salmonella Typhimurium detection using magnetic nanoparticles and colorimetric substrate (TMB) in the presence of H₂O₂. Reprinted with permission from Park et al. [12]. Copyright 2015, Hindawi.