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Review
. 2022 Feb 26;23(5):2592.
doi: 10.3390/ijms23052592.

Exudative versus Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Physiopathology and Treatment Options

Ana Rita Fernandes  1   2   3   4   5 , Aleksandra Zielińska  6 , Elena Sanchez-Lopez  4   7 , Tiago Dos Santos  1   2 , Maria Luisa Garcia  4   7 , Amelia M Silva  5   8 , Jacek Karczewski  9   10 , Eliana B Souto  11   12   13
Affiliations
Review

Exudative versus Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Physiopathology and Treatment Options

Ana Rita Fernandes et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease typically associated with the aging and can be classified into two types-namely, the exudative and the nonexudative AMD. Currently available treatments for exudative AMD use intravitreal injections, which are associated with high risk of infection that can lead to endophthalmitis, while no successful treatments yet exist for the nonexudative form of AMD. In addition to the pharmacologic therapies administered by intravitreal injection already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in exudative AMD, there are some laser treatments approved that can be used in combination with the pharmacological therapies. In this review, we discuss the latest developments of treatment options for AMD. Relevant literature available from 1993 was used, which included original articles and reviews available in PubMed database and also information collected from Clinical Trials Gov website using "age-related macular degeneration" and "antiangiogenic therapies" as keywords. The clinical trials search was limited to ongoing trials from 2015 to date.

Keywords: age-related macular degeneration; antiangiogenic agents; choroidal neovascularization; geographic atrophy; inflammatory cascade.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The eye with AMD and main factors increasing the risk of disease.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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