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Review
. 2022 Feb 27;23(5):2639.
doi: 10.3390/ijms23052639.

Antifreeze Proteins: Novel Applications and Navigation towards Their Clinical Application in Cryobanking

Marlene Davis Ekpo  1 , Jingxian Xie  1 , Yuying Hu  1 , Xiangjian Liu  1 , Fenglin Liu  1 , Jia Xiang  1 , Rui Zhao  1 , Bo Wang  1 , Songwen Tan  1
Affiliations
Review

Antifreeze Proteins: Novel Applications and Navigation towards Their Clinical Application in Cryobanking

Marlene Davis Ekpo et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or thermal hysteresis (TH) proteins are biomolecular gifts of nature to sustain life in extremely cold environments. This family of peptides, glycopeptides and proteins produced by diverse organisms including bacteria, yeast, insects and fish act by non-colligatively depressing the freezing temperature of the water below its melting point in a process termed thermal hysteresis which is then responsible for ice crystal equilibrium and inhibition of ice recrystallisation; the major cause of cell dehydration, membrane rupture and subsequent cryodamage. Scientists on the other hand have been exploring various substances as cryoprotectants. Some of the cryoprotectants in use include trehalose, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG), sucrose, propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol but their extensive application is limited mostly by toxicity, thus fueling the quest for better cryoprotectants. Hence, extracting or synthesizing antifreeze protein and testing their cryoprotective activity has become a popular topic among researchers. Research concerning AFPs encompasses lots of effort ranging from understanding their sources and mechanism of action, extraction and purification/synthesis to structural elucidation with the aim of achieving better outcomes in cryopreservation. This review explores the potential clinical application of AFPs in the cryopreservation of different cells, tissues and organs. Here, we discuss novel approaches, identify research gaps and propose future research directions in the application of AFPs based on recent studies with the aim of achieving successful clinical and commercial use of AFPs in the future.

Keywords: antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs); antifreeze proteins (AFPs); cryopreservation; cryoprotectants; ice recrystallisation (IR); thermal hysteresis (TH).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Trend in the discovery of Antifreeze proteins from diverse biological sources.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mechanism of action of AFPs.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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