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. 2022 Mar 4;19(5):2999.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph19052999.

Prevalence and Predictors of Osteoporosis and Osteopenia in Postmenopausal Women of Punjab, India

Rubanpal Khinda  1 , Srishti Valecha  1 , Nitin Kumar  1 , J P S Walia  2 , Kuldeep Singh  3 , Sudhir Sethi  4 , Avtar Singh  5 , Monica Singh  1 , Puneetpal Singh  1 , Sarabjit Mastana  6
Affiliations

Prevalence and Predictors of Osteoporosis and Osteopenia in Postmenopausal Women of Punjab, India

Rubanpal Khinda et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

The prevalence and predictors of osteoporosis and osteopenia remain to be examined in the postmenopausal women of Punjab, India. The present cross-sectional study screened 1628 postmenopausal women during September 2019 to March 2020. Osteoporosis and osteopenia were confirmed on the basis of T-scores using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the hip (femoral neck) and lumbar spine regions (L1−L4 vertebrae). The prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was observed to be 30.50% and 44.20%, respectively, in postmenopausal women of Punjab. In univariable and multivariable regression analysis, variables independently influencing the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia were: higher systolic blood pressure (95%CI: 1.22−3.11 & 1.08−2.49), triglyceride levels (95%CI: 1.21−3.10 & 1.42−2.51), poor sleep quality (95%CI: 1.91−2.47 & 1.76−3.47) and C-reactive protein levels (95%CI: 2.18−3.56 & 1.03−2.18). Years since menopause >10 years was observed to be an independent predictor for the risk of osteopenia but not for osteoporosis. Higher body mass index (>30 kg·m−2) was observed to be a significant protective factor against the risk of osteoporosis (95%CI: 0.26−0.68) and osteopenia (95%CI: 0.19−0.52). The higher prevalence rates of osteoporosis and osteopenia in postmenopausal women of Punjab are alarming, which solicits awareness and earlier testing of those women who are approaching menopause.

Keywords: independent predictors; osteopenia; postmenopausal women; prevalence of osteoporosis.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflicts of interest are reported by the authors.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Map of Punjab showing district wise sample collection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Study flow chart showing data collection protocol.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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